Behavioral Phenotypes of Inbred Mouse Strains :: essays research papers

Molecular geneticists have recently been using targeted gene line mutations so as to effectively isolate certain genes as being the cause of a specific phenotype. However the effects of a gene can be a result of complex interactions within its genetic background. Scientist have tried to maintain and isogenic genetic background. However in choosing the appropriate isogenic background it is important that all of the effects of it be documented so that the appropriate selection of genetic background can be chosen for an expected phenotype and so that the results can be interpreted properly. The effects of different strains on the performance of various different tests of an animal’s behavior are documented here. A well established measure of mouse behavior is open field locomotion. In this measurement a mouse’s amount of movement, rate of movement and other behaviors are measured. These measurements are proposed to suggest specific levels of emotionality and anxiety in mice as well as other underlying traits. The levels of activity and anxiety have been measured for specific strains. The best choice for a strain when trying to assess the level of activity or anxiety for a mutation is the strain that is known to produce the opposite level of anxiety or activity. There are two types of learning tasks that have been assessed for. Complex learning tasks involve and animal using multiple pieces of information simultaneously and Avoidance tasks which involve the animal avoiding a location where they have previously received a shock. Other behavioral traits that have been assessed are aggressiveness, reproductive behavior and the effects of acoustic startle where the reaction of a mouse to a loud noise is measured as well as its reaction when the sound is preceded by a relatively quiet sound The effects of genetic strains have also been studied with regard to their effects on certain drugs. The effects of drugs such as ethanol show that it is very hard to generalize the effects of a specific drug on a specific strain since the reactions vary with the dose given and with the reinforcing effect that it has on the mice. In some studies it was shown that despite the noticeable mean effect of ethanol on a strain it did not have the same effect with a different dose. However certain generalizations of strains sensitivity to ethanol have shown themselves to be robust across several procedural variations.

An outline of the history of linguistics Essay

†¢ Hindu Tradition o Had its origins in the 1st millennium BC o Stimulated by changes in Sanskrit o Panini (c. 500 BC) is the best known grammarian o Panini’s grammar of Sanskrit covered phonetics and morphology †¢ The Greek Origin o The Greek tradition of linguistics developed in response to Homer’s epics. The Greeks founded the European tradition. o IMPORTANT THEMES IN THE GREEK TRADITION INCLUDE: ? The origin of language ? Classification of words (parts of speech) ? The relation between language and thought ? The relation between two aspects of word-signs (whether form and meaning are connected by nature or by  convention. 1 o Plato (c. 429-347 BC) distinguished between Nouns and Verbs. He favored nature over convention. o Aristotle’s (384-322 BC) main contributions to linguistics are as follows: †¢ He divided words into Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives. †¢ He divided the sentence into two parts, SUBJECT and PREDICATE. †¢ He classified GENDER into masculine, feminine, and neutral. †¢ He was the first to distinguish between the different types of TENSE a verb carries. o Thrax (100 BC) produced the first complete grammar of Greek. He concluded that Greek words fell into just eight classes, which we call the parts of speech. Thrax’s description of Greek has become the basis of all grammatical description in Europe until the 20th century. 2 †¢ Roman Tradition o After the Roman conquest of Greece in the mid-2nd century BC, Roman scholars learned of the Greek work, and they began to apply the same analysis to their own language, Latin. o One of the most influential Roman grammarians is Priscian, who wrote in the 6th century AD. Priscian’s description of Latin is still what we find in most school textbooks of Latin today. †¢ Arabic Tradition The oldest Arabic grammarian is Abu-Alaswad al-Du’ali, who established diacritical marks and vowels for Arabic in the mid-600s. o The schools of Basra and Kufa in the late 700s. o From the school of Basra, two representatives laid important foundations for the field: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi authored the first Arabic dictionary and book of Arabic prosody, and his student Sibawayh authored the first book on theories of Arabic grammar. 3 †¢ The Port-Royal Grammar o The 17th-century French scholars, known as the Port-Royal Circle, put together a remarkably original â€Å"universal† grammar of French that is very different from the Priscianic tradition. o The central argument of the Grammar is that grammar is  simply mental processes, which are universal; therefore grammar is universal. o The Port Royal Grammar had a pedagogical goal as its primary one. However, this goal was not learning a specific language, but rather learning any language. It aims to provide an overview of the grammatical features shared by all languages. o As such, it was part of Port Royal’s overall program of changing language teaching methodology 4 o A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THEIR ANALYSIS IS AS FOLLOWS: The invisible God created the visible world This sentence is analyzed as†¦ God, who is invisible, created the world, which is visible †¦. Which in turn is decomposed into the three propositions†¦ God is invisible God created the world The world is visible †¢ Historical Linguistics o Towards the end of the 18th century, European linguists began to realize that certain languages exhibited systematic resemblances. Linguists believed that these languages derive from one single ancestor. o For example, the English ‘f’ sound often corresponds to a ‘p’ sound in, among others, Latin and Sanskrit, an important ancient language of India. 5 Franz Bopp Jakob Grimm Rasmus Rask. Were able to show that almost all of the languages of Europe and many languages of Asia were all related. As a result, the study of language change and of the prehistories of languages, called HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, became the most important way of studying languages. †¢ An example of the kind of systematic correspondence that attracted early attention is shown in the following table. English Latin Greek father Pater Pater Foot Ped- Pod- For Pro Para Six Sex Hexa Seven Septem Hepta Salt Sal Hal New Novus neos 6 THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 19TH CENTURY LINGUISTIC SCHOLARSHIP WAS (1) to establish the principles and methods used in setting up language families, and (2) to develop a general theory of language change and linguistic relationship. The 19th century is called the â€Å"golden age of philology†. This program of historical linguistics continues today. Linguists have succeeded in grouping the 5,000 or so languages of the world into a number of language families sharing a common ancestor. The Origins of General Linguistics The modern field of linguistics dates from the beginning of the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, the non-historical study of language structure began to reassert itself. Scholars published important observations about word structure and sound structure in languages. This kind of work we now call GENERAL LINGUISTICS: the study of how languages are put together and how they work. 7 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1013) In the early years of the 20th century, Saussure began lecturing on general linguistics at the University of Geneva. He died without ever publishing his ideas. In 1916, his students collected and edited their lecture notes in a volume with Saussure’s name on it. Saussure defined Language as a ‘system of distinct signs corresponding to distinct ideas’. He insisted that a language system can be separated from the complexities of speech and studied on its own. Before Saussure, most linguists perceived a language as primarily a collection of objects, such as speech sounds, words and grammatical endings. Saussure argued instead that a language is a structured system of elements, in which the place of each element is defined chiefly by how it relates to other elements. This approach is called STRUCTURALISM. †¢ Words are signs, and in linguistics we are studying the science of signs: semiology. And signs took on a value depending on words adjacent in use or meaning. English has sheep and mutton but French has only mouton for both uses. †¢ Langue (French, meaning â€Å"language†) and parole (meaning â€Å"speech†) are linguistic terms distinguished by Saussure. Langue encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system. 8 Langue involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, â€Å"parole†, would be possible. †¢ Parole refers to the concrete instances of the use of langue. This is the individual, personal phenomenon of language as a series of speech acts made by a linguistic subject. Saussure did not concern himself overly with parole; however, the structure of langue is revealed through the study of parole. †¢ A further aspect of Saussure’s work is an emphasis upon two different approaches to the study of language: a synchronic approach, in which we focus on the structure of a language at a particular moment in time (not necessarily the present), and a diachronic approach, in which we look at the development of a language over time. The Prague Circle After the 1st World War (1926), a number of East European linguists congregated in the Czech city of Prague. They developed structuralist ideas. Their primary interest was phonological theory. They also made contributions to syntax. †¢ Trubetzkoy (1890-1938) introduced the notion of phoneme and opposition. An example of his analysis of phonology is the way the 9 word caught is pronounced. This word is pronounced the same in American and Canadian accents. However, in most American accents, caught is pronounced differently from cot, while in Canadian accents caught and cot are pronounced identically. †¢ Jakobson (1896 – 1982) is a pioneer of the structural analysis of language. He developed techniques for the analysis of sound systems in languages (phonology). He applied these techniques to syntax, morphology, and semantics. He distinguished between phonology and phonetics. Jakobson defined semiotics as ‘the general science of signs, which has as its basic discipline linguistics, the science of verbal signs’. Linguistics provides the model of analyzing language as a structured system that â€Å" produces meanings†. Semiotics attempts to extend this approach to other non-linguistic systems, that is, to every aspect of social experience that can be analyzed as structured systems of signs (e.g. , traffic systems and architecture). 10 The Origins of American Linguistics Franz Boas (1858-1942) is an anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology†. Boas worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior was primarily not determined by innate biological dispositions, but was largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing behavioral differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology. He studied the dying cultures of Native Americans and realized that good investigation of these cultures required knowledge of their languages. Edward Sapir (1884 -1939) is also an anthropologist. He was Boas’s most famous student. He studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views (e. g. , whom and who). 11 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897 – 1941) is Sapir’s best-known student. He pursued his teacher’s interests and produced a number of studies of native American and Canadian languages. He argues that the structure of our language must, to some extent, determine the way we perceive the world. This idea is called â€Å"the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis† or â€Å" The Linguistic Relativity†. †¢ The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. †¢ The hypothesis states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. For example, (1) the number and type of the basic color words of a language determine how a subject sees the rainbow (how we see camels). Example (2): the Navaho language of Arizona is rich in words for talking about lines of various shapes and colors. Among the hundred or so words available for this purpose are: Adziisgai ‘ a group of parallel white lines running off into the distance’. 12 (3). Navaho place names are geometrical in nature. For example, a certain striking rock formation in Arizona is called Navaho Tse Ahe ii aha Tse Ahe ii aha means â€Å"TWO ROCKS STANDING VERTICALLY PARALLEL IN A VERTICAL RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER†. English speakers see objects resembling other objects.. They call these rocks â€Å"elephant’s feet†. A pioneer of American Structuralism Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) is another linguist who turned American linguistics somewhat away from its anthropological and cultural connections toward a more focused concentration on language structure in its own right. 13 He showed that the techniques of historical linguistics (already applied so successfully to European and Asian languages) could be applied with equal success to native (North) American languages. Bloomfield’s primary concern was to establish linguistics as a science. But he became best known for his 1933 textbook in which he presented a carefully articulated approach to the structuralist analysis of languages, far more explicit and detailed that Saussure’s analysis had been ( e. g. , gender in an Algonquian language ‘raspberry and knee= animate, while strawberry and elbow=inanimate). Bloomfield was influenced by behaviorist psychology. He denied the relevance of â€Å"mind†; that is , he opposed the mentalism that had characterized the American linguistics of Boas, Sapir, and their students. Chomsky’s Generative Grammar Noam Chomsky is the world’s most influential linguist. Chomsky introduced his generative ideas in a brief 1957 book, Syntactic Structures. 14 What is generative grammar? A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. Generative grammar is a FORMAL grammar. It is explicit about what is compatible with it. Some rules of forming English sentences (phrase-structure rules): 1. S? NP VP 2. NP? Det N’ 3. N’? N 5. VP? V NP Possible noun phrases: the little girl my cat Possible verb phrases: hugged her dolly claws the sofa These rules are designed to stipulate exactly what can and cannot be a sentence of English. For example, the allow things like The little girl hugged her dolly and my cat claws the sofa But they do not allow things like *Little the girl her dolly hugged. 15 1. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2. *Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. Sentence (1) is perfectly grammatical because we know which category to put each word in the sentence (noun, verb, adjective, adverb). adj adj N V adv Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. We understand how to group these into subject and predicate: adj adj N. [Colorless green ideas ] subject V adv [ sleep furiously]. predicate And we know that â€Å"colorless green ideas† are directly related to â€Å"sleep†, connecting the subject and predicate. Because we know how to logically group parts of speech, we know that adv V N adj adj Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. is not a grammatical (ungrammatical/ ill-formed) sentence, simply because we cannot group these same words in a different order at all logically. Chomsky effectively proved that we have a built-in awareness of grammaticality, because we can explain why â€Å"colorless green ideas sleep furiously† is  acceptable and â€Å"furiously sleep ideas green colorless† is unacceptable. 16 Many of the properties of a generative grammar arise from an â€Å"innate† universal grammar. Transformational Grammar (TG) TG is a much more powerful kind of Generative Grammar. Chomsky rejected phrase-structure grammar because it is too simple to capture important facts about language (context-free). For example, to convert The police arrested John into John was arrested by the police A single transformational rule does all of the following: Move the police to the end of the sentence. Insert by before the police. Move John to the beginning of the sentence. Insert be before the verb arrested. Add tense-marking to convert be to was. Change the past tense arrested to the participle arrested. 17 Generative grammar shifted the focus of language study from behavior to state of the mind (behaviorism to cognition). The central concern becomes the knowledge of language: its nature, origins, and use. The three basic questions that arise, then are these: 1. What constitutes knowledge of language? 2. How is knowledge of language acquired? 3. How is knowledge of language put to use?

Civil War Unavoidable essays

Civil War Unavoidable essays Was the Civil War un-avoidable? Was there another solution, or was it inevitable? These questions have one definite answer. The answer is Inevitable. What were the causes of the Civil War? Most people think of slaver when that war is mentioned. Even centuries later, we still debate the cause of the Civil War. With most wars, there isnt just one problem, but several complicated issues. The main issue was slavery! President Lincoln wanted to abolish slavery altogether. There was a tremendous amount of political opponents to this. In a speech made by president Lincoln I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.1 The only problem was: the south needed slavery for their economy. They felt that without slavery, their economy was doomed to fail. Although, slavery was the main cause; some states w anted to secede. They wanted to secede because of two reasons: slavery was needed for the southern economy, and the southern were pro states rights. They thought the federal government and president Lincoln- had too much power. When Lincoln came to office, the confederate states thought they were doomed; although, all Lincoln really wanted to do was stop slavery from expanding into free territories. In 1793, a man by the name of Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. This made it easier to mass produce separated cotton. This invention made southern crops very profitable; all they needed were hands to pick it. This led to increase in slave labor, which perpetuated more civil disobedience in the southern states. The confederate states couldnt just give up slavery outright. They felt it would have ruined the southern economy. They would no longer have the people to pick cotton, and white people thought they were too good for that. The north industrialized, and didnt see the need for slavery anymore. The democratic party was mostly made up of slaveholders. W...

ACT Admission Ticket What It Is, How to Print, and What to Do If You Lose It

ACT Admission Ticket What It Is, How to Print, and What to Do If You Lose It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning on taking the ACT, you may know that you’ll need an admission ticket (and photo ID) to get into the testing center. Because ACT, Inc. makes such a big deal about these tickets, figuring out how to get it just right can be one of the most stressful parts of registering for the test. But don’t worry- the process isn’t as complicated as it seems. This guide will walk you through exactly what the ACT admission ticket is, how to get one, and what to do if you lose yours(it’s not as bad you think!). What Is the ACT Admission Ticket? The admission ticket serves as proof that you are registered to take the ACT on a given day. The proctors won’t let you into the testing center without it.Your ACT ticketalso has helpful information about your testing center (for you) and any accommodations you might need (for your proctor). I've included a sample ticket below so you can see what it looks like. I've numbered the different sections of the ACT admissionticket, so that we can go through them one at a time. Photo: Your picture! More info on how to pick and upload one below. Test Info: This section indicates when and where you're testing and which version of the test you're taking. Matching Information: The information that ACT, Inc. will use to match you to your test. Be sure to enter it on your answer sheet exactly as it appears on the ticket. PersonalInfo: Your name and address. Test Center Messages: Information about what to do when you get to the testing center: where to park, how to find your room, etc. At the bottom of the page there is additional information, including your testing number and any accommodations you need. Why Do You Need an Admission Ticket? The ACT admission ticket shows that you are the person actually signed up to take the test- hence why it has a picture. The ticket is a relatively new requirement and is designed to make it harder for people to cheat by having someone else take the test in their place. Remember that you must bring it with you to the testing center or you won’t be allowed to take the ACT. How Do You Get an ACT Admission Ticket? The first step to getting an ACT admission ticket is registering for the test. If you haven’t already done so, youmight want to take a look at our step-by-step instructions, with images, forthe registration process. I would recommend registering online, but most of the following info applies even if you registered by mail, although, in that case, you should receive an admission ticket in the mail. During the registration process there are two main steps you need to complete to get your ACT admission ticket- I'll got through how to complete both of them. How to Upload a Photo Towards the end of the registration process, you’ll be asked to upload a photo. There are a lot of restrictions on what kind of photo you can use, and they can feel somewhat overwhelming. Here are ACT, Inc.’s guidelines: Your photo must be a clear image of ONLY you (not blurry, grainy or fuzzy) against a plain, background. The photo must be a full face-and-shoulders shot, squarely facing the camera. You must use a portrait, not landscape, photo that is correctly oriented. You must be facing the camera. You cannot wear dark glasses. If you wear a head covering daily for religious reasons, adjust it to provide a full-face view. I know that’s a lot, but don’t panic. Let’s break it down into a few key points: The photo should show your entire head and your shoulders- that’s all. You must be easily recognizable- the photo can’t be blurry or dark and you shouldn’t have anything obscuring your face. The photo should have a plain background. If you have a digital version of your school photo, just use that! Another good option is using a webcam to just snap a photo with your computer- as long as you do this in a well lit place, the photo quality will be fine. Otherwise, get a friend or family member to help you take a headshot with a phone or digital camera. Remember that the photo doesn’t need to be awesome, just recognizable- no one but your proctor and your school will see it. If you registered by mail, you will still need to either upload a photo or submit a hard copy. How to Print Your ACT Admission Ticket After completing the registration process and uploading a photo, you'll be asked if you want to print youradmission ticket or wait until later. Either is fine- you can access the ticketanytime through your ACT account. Only have a black and white printer? Don't worry about it. Your ACT ticket printout can be in either color or black and white, as long as the information is clearly visible. But What Should You Do If... ...You Lose Your Ticket? Don’t panic! This problem is easily solved: you can easily reprint your ACT admission ticket.Just go to the ACT website, sign in to your account, and print your ticket! You can use this methodeven if you registered by mail, but if for some reason you can’t print your ticket call ACT, Inc. at 319-337-1270.Keep in mind that calling at the very last minute won't do youmuchgood- if they need to send you a new ticket by mail it will probably take at least a week. ...You Realize that the Information on the Ticket Is Incorrect? Again, this problem is easily fixed. If you realize that your name is misspelled or your address is missing a number, just log into your account and click on "Make changes to your registration." Remember to reprint the ticket once you’ve made your changes, so it’s up-to-date. ...You Get to the Test Center and Don't Have Your Admission Ticket? You cannot take the test without your ticket, so you want to avoid this situation at all costs. The night before the test, gather everything you need for the test together and put it in one easily accessible place. If you’re prone to losing things (or just very paranoid), you can try: making a backup copy and putting it in the car. taping the ticket and your ID to your calculator. If you do end up at the test center with no ticket, you can try having a friend or family member who lives nearby print it out and bring it to you. But the proctors won’t wait, so again, do everything you can to make sure you have it. Key Facts to Remember About the ACT Admission Ticket Let's review some of important points you'll need to keep in mind about the ACT ticket: You must have your admission ticket to get into the test center. Print it out at least the night before, and make multiple copies if you often lose things. Your picture must be recognizable as you and it must have a plain background. You can reprint your ACT admission ticket at any time. Just log into your online ACT account. More Recommended Reading If you're feeling confusedabout the registration process, take a look atourstep-by-step walkthrough of how to sign up for the testand our guides to the best test date for you, the total cost of the ACT, how to cancel your registration, and how to decide whether to sendthe four free score reports. If, however, you're taking the test very soon, check outthese helpfultest day tips that can raise your ACT score even without time to practice. Finally, if you have a bit more time,you might want to read throughsome of our ACTprep materials. We have great guides for all foursections, including general strategies, study tips, and in depth skill reviews(there are links to each section on the right). Try starting with our guide to the 5 tips that you must use, which will get you thinking about the test in the right way. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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ENGL WEEK 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENGL WEEK 1 - Assignment Example The similarities of these two types of writings is that they both are effective when it comes to communicating something clear enough to the audience it is meant for (Ellis, et al, 45). The main similarity that they also tend to share is that they all require the competence in grammar for proper written communication. Due to official setting that both academic work and business work require, it is then necessary to deduce that there is requirement for the written communication to be competent in order to avoid issues that may arise regarding misinformation. There are also differences that can be pointed out as far as these two types of writings are concerned. The first is that students write with the purpose of learning whereby in business, writers has the intention to get work done. In scholarly material, the writing is done to demonstrate to which level learning has been accomplished whereby in business setting the writing is to prompt some sort of action to be undertaken by the relevant bodies concerned. The instructor prompts scholarly work whereas business writing is for the complex groups or people that correlate with the company in the likeness of the stakeholders. The content of business writing is based on the thesis of the work provided by the student instructor whereas the in business scenario only what is intended for the audience is included in writing and everything else is added in the

Business Aspects of the School Community Human Resources and School Essay - 2

Business Aspects of the School Community Human Resources and School Finance - Dis 10 - Essay Example Their view is based on the rationale of awarding bonuses on the basis of the achievement of their students (Brimley, Garfield & Verstegen, 2008). The idea of performance based payment package is an attribute with its own advantages and disadvantages. There is the benefit derived from the hard work that is attained on teachers in an effort to have an excellent output on students. The assumption is that as the students are involved in excellent gain academically, then teachers will benefit a lot through an increased pay. Merit pay is a performance based approach that forms the foundation of an excellent education system. The idea is a propagated agenda that calls for rewarding of teachers who helps in the attainment of a student improvement platform in their academic work. The policy of merit reward is in line with the system of work that is experience in the private sector. The possibility of testing the knowledge acquired by students is a critical benchmark in revealing the effectiveness of teachers. There are benefits associated with a standardized tests program that are extremely helpful to students (Brimley, Garfield & Verstegen, 2008). There exists the advantage of a better jobs being offered to the scholars. This is an attribute that emanates from strong academic pedigree that belongs to high quality scholars from the merit pay based system. These scholars are, therefore, critical enough in offering a powerful decision point in expert thinking and support system. The potential of Tennessee scholars extends to being awarded scholarship programs. This is on the basis of strong candidate potential that is a guarantee of top performers. Merit pay is an initiative that goes an extra mile in helping to recruit the best minds. Teachers who are intelligent and portray an effective approach to their profession are contained in the school administration through an increased pay. The merit pay approach

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business law - Assignment Example In his mind, he thinks that the car is in good condition. By bad luck, the mechanical problem re-occurs two days later and consequently, the car is involved in road carnage. The taxi driver evaluates the problem and come to a conclusion that the car had the mechanical problem before the purchase. The seller by omitting the true mechanical condition of the car violated the Contract Law (Marson 352). Contract Law is a group of regulations that guide buyers and sellers on how to conduct their business. Legal actions are taken in case one party violates the Contract Law. Therefore, the taxi driver will use the Contract Law in court to against the car seller. The law allows the payment of any loss or damage caused by omission of vital information by the seller. However, the buyer must prove that the Contract Law was indeed violated. The Contract Law has four main elements. The first element is the offer given by the seller with conditions of the item on sale, the price, and the date by which the offer will expire. The second element of Contract Law is acceptance. The buyer accepts the conditions given and registers the intention to buy the item. The third element is the legal agreement. The buyer and the seller make a legal binding. The last element is consideration where the buyer pays or gives a later date to pay the item on sale. In the case between the car seller and the taxi driver, the offer given did not include the poor condition of the car intentional (Marson 352). The taxi driver bought it at the worth of a car with good conditions. He joins into a legal agreement and makes payment only to realize that the car had mechanical problems two days later. The seller violated the Contract Law by giving false information about his car and is supposed to pay the damages and the loss incurred by the taxi driver. However, the chances of the taxi driver winning this case are