Business Law Cases Summary

Offer ( Topic 3) Is a proposal the acceptance of which establishes the existence of an agreement. It shows a promissory intent. In other words, it is a promise to do or refrain from doing something. – Usually upon condition that the other party agrees to do or refrain from doing something else in return. – Harvey v. Facey Harvey sent to Facey a telegram to buy Bumper Hall Pen. He asks Facey to telegram the lowest price. Facey telegram the lowest cash price ? 900. Harvey says agree to buy for ? 900.Principle: Offer is more than a mere supply of information – Offer must show promissory intent – Australian Wooden Mills v Commonwealth in where the government †offer† did not ask anything in the return – Offer is not Invitation to treat and must be distinguished from ITT Invitation to Treat Is an action by one party which may appear to be a contractual offer but which is actually inviting others to make an offer of their own. Invitation to tre at lacks of promissory intent 1. Boots Case (Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd) Self servicePS sued Boots cash for breach of pharmacy and poison act by selling certain poison not under supervision of registered pharmacist as boots cash is a pharmacy in a self service basis. However, there is one registered pharmacist in the cashier check out point. Principle: In the self service system, the offer is made by customer at the checkout point of sales while the acceptance is made by the cashier at the checkout point of sales as well. 2. Fisher v. Bell Shop Window Bell selling the flick knife which is showed in the window displayed. Bell was sued for offering the knife which is prohibited at that time by tatute. Principle: The display of an article with a price on it in a hop window is merely an invitation to treat. ITT can be an offer if: – Show promissory intent – Limited to who can accept – Limited to what can be accepted Offers to the World At Large Offers that are not directed to any specific person, but to anyone who becomes aware of them. 1. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Carbolic smoke ball advertise promised reward to anyone who contracting influenza after using their product. To show the seriousness, they placed money ? 1000 in account. Mrs C used it and contracted influenza.Principle: An offer can be made to the world at large. The contract is made to limited portion of public, who perform the condition on the advertisement. And it show promissory intent. Offer must be communicated Offer becomes effectives if it is communicated and there is meeting in mind when they accept it. However, offeree must be aware of its existence and terms. 1. R. v. Clarke Reward for information about murder of 2 policemen. Clarke was arrested and to save himself, he gave the information. Principle: Offer must be accepted with the knowledge of the offer. Respon to Offer Accept – Clarify – Counter Off er – Reject – Do Nothing Counter Offer Rejection of the original offers which make the original offer to an end, and form a new offer. If the Counter Offer being rejected, the original offer will not revive, unless the offeror renew it. 1. Hyde v. Wrench Wrench made an offer to sell his farm to Hyde for ? 1000. Hyde says that he will pay ? 950. Wrench says no, and Hyde say want to pay ? 1000. Principle: Counter offer resulting the original offer to end. It is rejection of the first offer. Counter offer must be distinguished from mere inquiry . Stevenson Jacques v. McLean McLean made an offer to SJ to sell certain iron. In reply, SJ write â€Å"will accept 40 over 2 months†. As it is no reply, SJ write again to accept the 1st offer. Principle: Seeking clarification is not counter offer, but mere inquiry. Only the offeree who are directed to accept the offer by the offeror 1. Boulton v. Jones Jones places offer with old chum Brocklehurst. Boulton had taken over th e business and he filled the offer. Jones refused to pay. Principle: Only the person to whom the offer is directed can accept. Revocation by OfferorRevocation is not valid, unless it is communicated to the offeree. Revocation is valid before acceptance. Purported revocation after acceptance has been communicated is a breach. 1. Dickenson v. Dodds Dodds made an offer open until 9 am on the 12 June. On 11, Dodds sell the house to B, and B has told Dickinson. On 12 at 9 am, Dickinson comes bring the acceptance. Principle: The offer can be revoked indirect or via conduct. Acceptance (Topic 4) Is an absolute and unqualified assent to the terms of the offer, made in the manner specified or indicated by the offeror. 1. Master v. Cameron Masters want to buy Cameron farms.They make a document, signed by both party, indicating the future formal contract to buy the farms. Masters having financial difficulties to buy the farms and sued by Cameron. Principle: Agreement to agree later can’ t be force able. (Condition 3) Conditional Acceptance is not acceptance. Condition can be precedent or subsequent 1. Parties reach agreement but want terms to be written down 2. Parties reach agreement but performance subject to formal agreement 3. Parties didn’t intend to reach agreement subject to formal contract Subject to acceptance is not acceptance at all Manner of acceptance – Stipulation of the offeror Ought to be the same mode as the offer o If stipulated as the only mode, then must comply, otherwise should be equally or more advantageous. 1. Eliason v. Henshaw Eliason made an offer to buy flour from Henshaw and stated to reply by wagon. Henshaw is reply by post. Principle: if the method had been stipulated, it must comply otherwise, more advantageous. Postal Rule states that where acceptance by mail is contemplated, acceptance occurs immediately when the letter is posted RULES: Acceptance is complete when a properly addressed and stamped letter of acceptance is dropped in the mail box 1. Adam v. Lindsell nd Sept, Lindsell posts offer to sell wool, and requires acceptance â€Å"in the course of post†. On 5th Sept, the offer received by A, and posted it. On 8th Sept, L sold wool to X. On 9th Sept, A’s acceptance arrives. Principle: An acceptance is complete as soon as it is properly posted. Negating Postal Rule By using the term as â€Å"acceptance must be received by† or application close 1. Nunin Holdings v. Tullamarine Estates Nunin offered to buy a land from Tullamarine, via post. On May ’88 Nunin sends offer to purchase land. On June 16 Tullamarine sends a contract. On 5 September Nunin signs and mails back.On 12 September Tullamarine signs and sends back. On 13 September Tullamarine attempts to revoke before Nunin receives mail. Nunin had indicated at the start that the postal rule did not apply as it was stated in the mails on 5 September that the circumstance was receipt of the identical executed part, not its posting. Principle: The Postal Rule can be negated if this is made clear at the start of negotiations. Instantaneous Communication Postal rule didn’t apply in here. Acceptance By: Telex, Fax, E-mail, Web Form is not effective by simply sending it. The offeror must receive the acceptance then the contract can be formed. . Entores v. Miles Far East Co London co makes telex offer to Amsterdam co. Amsterdam Company accepts via telex. A contractual dispute arises. Principle: With instantaneous communication, the contract is complete as soon as the acceptance is received and at the place where it is received. Silence cannot be stipulated as the required manner of acceptance. 1. Felthouse v. Bindley F offers to buy a horse for ? 30/15/. â€Å"If I hear no more – I’ll consider the horse mine†. Principle: An offer cannot stipulate silence as a manner of acceptance, and acceptance requires positive mental assent.Acceptance can be communicated by conduct or words. 1. Brogden v. Metro Rail Written offer drawn up and sent. It never specifically accepted, but subsequent dealings were according to its terms. Principle: Acceptance can take the form of conduct. Intention (Topic 5A) The Presumption is with purely domestic, social, or voluntary arrangements it is presumed that the parties do not intend to create a legally enforceable agreement. Domestic 1. Balfour v. Balfour Husband agrees to pay monthly allowance ? 30 to wife while they are apart. Husband fails to pay & wife sues.Principle: A domestic arrangement is not intended to have legal effect. However the presumption can be easily rebuttable. 1. Wakeling v. Ripley Family give up job and move to live with wife’s brother. Brother promised to leave them his property. Dispute arises & Brother reneges on the promise. Sister & husband sue Brother for breach of contract. Principle: A definite agreement in serious circumstances will rebut the presumption. 2. McGregor v. McGregor Husband and wife issue assault charges against each other. They agree to settle the maintenance payment, living apart, etc. They are still legally married.Husband fails to pay maintenance. Principle: An agreement between husband & wife can be binding if they intend it to be a legally enforceable contract. Business & Commercial Such agreements are presumed to have the intention to be legally binds, however the presumption can’t be easily rebuttable. 1. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Contents (Topic 6) [pic] The Parol Evidence Rule Where a contract is reduced to writing and appears to be entire, it is assumed that all the terms of the contract will be contained in it and No extrinsic evidence can add to or vary the written contract 1.Henderson v. Arthur Written lease of theatre with rent of ? 2,500 p. a â€Å"CASH†. T paid by cheque because the L had verbally stated â€Å"Don’t worry, a cheque is okay†. L sued for late rent payment. T said he paid by cheque but L now refused it. Principle: No extrinsic evidence can add to or vary the written contract. EXCEPTIONS: Partly written, partly oral contracts 1. Van Den Esschert v. Chappell Before Signing Contract To Purchase A House C Asks â€Å"Is The House Free Of White Ants (Termites)? † Van de Replied â€Å"Yes Of Course. If There Had Been Any I Would Have Taken Steps To Eradicate Them. Written Contract Makes No Mention Of â€Å"White Ants†. The House Turned Out To Have Termites Principle: Partly written and partly oral contracts don’t apply on Parol Evidence Rule. Sometimes A Verbal Term Can Be Included In The Contract, If It Doesn’t Contradict The Written Part. Nothing mentioned in the contract about the white ants Oral statement Representation or Term Representation Oral statement that is not intended to be bind Terms Oral or written statement that are intend to be bind Factor to decide it is term or representation – Time lapse before contracting – V erbal or Written Special knowledge or skill – Importance of the statement 1. Oscar Chess v. Williams W purchased a car from O, a registered dealer. He traded in his â€Å"1948† Morris (? 290). It turned out to be A 1939 Morris (? 175). The dealer sued for the difference in trade in values (? 115). Principle: The buyer does not have special skill or knowledge in car. Therefore, it is a representation as the dealer is supposes to know it better. 2. Dick Bentley v. Harold Smith Dealer wrongly stated that a vehicle â€Å"has done 20,000 miles† since the engine & gearbox was replaced. But it was more like 100,000 miles.Principle: The buyer relied on the special knowledge of the dealer. The dealer was in a position to know the true mileage. [pic] Condition Major Breach Going â€Å"To the Root of the Matter†. Non-breaching Party May: – Terminate The Contract. – Elect To Continue. – Sue for Damages. 1. Poussard v. Spiers P, an opera singer en gaged to perform from 28th Nov. P, falls ill & cannot attend until 4th Dec. Opening night is 28th. On 25th S&P hire another singer. Principle: Attending the night party is the root of the contract. Where a breach goes to the root of the matter, there is a breach of condition term.Warranties Minor Breach not going to the root of the matter. Non-breaching Party May: – Sue for Contractual Damages. – Not elect to terminate the contract. 1. Bettini v. Gye B, an opera singer contracts for 3 month season & to arrive for rehearsals 6 days before opening night. Due to illness B showed up only 2 days before. G terminates & sues for damages. Principle: A clause, not vital to the completion of an agreement is a warranty; (B was available for all performances). Innominate Term A term which is capable of either a major or minor breach. Major Breach => Can terminate the contract.Minor Breach => Payment of compensation. 1. L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd W contracts with S to sell S’s Machinery and to visit customers once a week. Contract describes the weekly customer visits as a â€Å"condition†. Machinery is sold but weekly visits do not happen. S terminates the contract & sues for damages. Principle: The weekly visit term was capable of major and (as in this case) minor breach, so it was innominate. The status of contractual terms is a matter of fact, not mere description. Effect of Signature Someone who signs a document is DEEMED to have read understood and agreed to its contents. . L’estrange v. Graucob L purchased vending machine signed but did not read contract. Machine defective but contract basically said â€Å"not responsible for defects†. Principle: If you sign something, then you have read, understood and agreed to it. There was no fraud or misrepresentation. L could not bring an action for breach of contract. Effect of Signature exception: 1. Misrepresentation. 2. Document does not appear contractual. 1. Cur tis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing Co C took a wedding dress to CCD for dry-cleaning. C asked to sign a receipt excluding CCD from damage to buttons & sequins.The receipt contained an exclusion from any liability whatsoever. The dress was returned stained & C sues. CCD tries to rely on the printed & signed receipt. Principle: Misrepresentations create an exception to the signature rule. Exclusion Clause Contract terms which excludes or limits the liability of one party. Where an exclusion clause in a â€Å"non-contractual† (not expected to contain terms of the contract e. g. voucher) a reasonable notice of the clause at that time of contracting will render if enforceable BASE RULE: If the exemption clause is in a signed document, it is binding. 1.Causer v. Browne Printed on a dry cleaning ticket: â€Å"NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGE TO ARTICLES â€Å". C handed in frock which was returned damaged. C sues. Principle: The document was non-contractual in nature. A reasonable perso n would not expect to find contractual terms on it. 2. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd T parked his car in an automatic car park & received a ticket. Sign at the entrance listed terms of use. One was â€Å"cars parked at owners’ risk†. Ticket referred to the terms of use. BUT notice was small and not conspicuous. T seriously injured when collecting his car & sues car park.Principle: T’s attention was not brought to the specific existence of the clause in a way that could be described as reasonable. Ticket was also issued when T could not revoke his offer. Furthermore, this was T’s first use of the car park. 3. Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd O booked in to hotel & paid for 1 week’s stay in advance. When O got to the room there was a sign on the wall disclaiming liability for loss of personal effects. O’s personal effects were stolen & O sued the hotel for the loss. Principle: A clause that is notified after the contract is formed is not part of the contract. Doctrine of Privity (Topic 7b)A person cannot incur obligations or gain rights under a contract to which they are not a party. Beneficiary can’t sue 1. Tweddle v. Atkinson On engagement, father & father-in-law agree to each pay the future husband ? 100. The father-in-law didn’t pay. Principle: â€Å"†¦ no stranger (to the contract) can take advantage of it, although made for his benefit†. Therefore, he can’t sue his father in law. Execption: Joint Promises 1. Coulls v. Bagots Executor Mr. Coulls made an agreement with O’Neil to quarry Coulls’s property, and to pay the royalty to him and to Mrs. Coulls. Not long after, Mr. Coulls dies.Principle: The contract must have been made with you as well as the other party even though the other party didn’t contribute any consideration, contract still exist. Mrs. C was not a joint promisee. If she is, then she can claim Property Law Act 1969 Where a contract expressly in it s terms purports to confer a benefit directly on a person, who is not named as a party to the contract, the contract Is†¦ Enforceable by that person in his own name but every person named as a party†¦ shall be joined to the action. Must have 2 Conditions: – Has be name beneficiaries in the contract – Join in the legal action 1.Westralian Farmers v. SMP Sale of stock from K to SMP. Contract requires SMP to pay commission to WF. Principle: S. 11 (2) PLA enables WF to sue if K is also named as co-defendant. It is also known as â€Å"joining†. Therefore WF entitled the commission. Termination (Topic 9) a. Discharge by performance Contract can be terminated when obligation (paying, transferring or other act of service etc. ) is performed: as agreed in the contract and within the time agreed. General Rule: Performance must be exact to be effective 1. Cutter v Powell Seaman signs on from Jamaica â€Å"†¦ To the port of Liverpool†¦ † He died a bout 3/4 of the way.The widow wants to claim the ? of his pay. Principle: The performance of a contract must be exact to be effectively discharged. It is an â€Å"entire† contract Exception: a. Where the contract is ‘divisible’ Divisible contract is a contract in where instead of doing for entire contract we can do it divisibly. b. The doctrine of substantial performance Pay full amount but subtract some amount to ratify the service. (Was treated as performed and payment was reduce for work not done) 1. Hoenig v. Isaac Contract is made for redecoration of flat for ? 750. Work was not done satisfactorily and cost ? 55 to repair.Principle: If contract is substantially performed then subtract the cost of fixing it. The contract is performed even it is partially defective. Therefore, ? 750-? 55 b. Discharge by Frustration Frustration = an intervening, dramatic situation rendering performance impossible or radically different from what the parties had in mind. A perso n was required to carry out their contract, no matter what 1. Paradine v. Jane P leased land to J. J was dispossessed by an invading prince. J refused to pay rent. Principle: Parties, who voluntarily enter into contracts, must perform all their obligations irrespective of what happens.They are â€Å"absolutely liable†. Therefore, J must pay the land, even though he is not occupy the land Because there are unfair things happen in Paradine v Jane case, therefore some exception in frustration is applied. It is apply because a. Contract is impossible to perform because of an event b. Nobody’s in the contract are fault c. Note ‘unforeseeable’ here means not provided for in the contract, not ‘impossible’ 1. Taylor v. Caldwell Fire burns down concert hall. The promoter does not have to continue to pay rent Principle: When, without fault of any party. The subject matter of the contract ceases to exist.The contract is discharged by ‘frustrationâ €™. Therefore, no more rent fees. 2. Krell v. Henry Contract was made to hire a flat for 1 day, to view the coronation procession of Edward VII. Coronation postponed. Principal: Where the entire basis of the contract does not occur the contract is discharged by frustration. Therefore, rent is not paid. 3. National carriers v. Panalpina LTD P leased a warehouse from N for 10 years. Road closed for 20 months. P refused to pay rent for those months. Principal: The purpose could still be substantially achieved, performance was not radically different.The contract was not frustrated. Therefore, the rent should be paid. Remedies 3 basic of remedies; 1. Discharge (for material breach) Contracts can be discharged if a breach is material. But – make sure it is actually a breach and not performance or frustration. 1. Green v Sommerville G contracts to sell land to S – settlement fails when S has no funds. Later G rents property to S in anticipation of settlement – 6 m onths later G rescinds the contract. Principle: the right to rescind not available. Conduct of G amounted to affirming the contract. The contract was enforceable against G by S. MATERIAL: Justifies election to terminate – MINOR: Substantial performance. Does NOT justify termination by the innocent party. 2. Damages (for material or minor breach) Is a monetary compensation for loss caused by the breach. Breach can be: – MATERIAL: Breach of Condition or major breach of innominate term. – MINOR: Breach of Warranty or minor breach of innominate term. Rules of Damages – Must not be too remote. – Are compensatory / quantum, (calculation), of damages. – Must be mitigated. – Can be pre-agreed a) Rule of Remoteness For damages to be recoverable the loss must: a) Arise naturally from the breach {be reasonably foreseeable} – given reasonable current standards†¦ or: (b) Have been contemplated as a probable result of the breach 1. Hadl ey v Baxendale A contract made for the transportation of a crankshaft. It was breached by delay. Mill shut down for longer than expected, production lost. Principle: the mill owner can’t claim the profit on the lost production. Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as might fairly and reasonably be considered either: . arising naturally, that is, according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or b. Such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it. † Because the carrier did not know the machine was a vital part of the mill, he did not see it as probable that the mill would close down. Therefore he was not liable. 2. Victoria Laundry v. Newman Laundry buys boiler. Delivery required in June. Laund ry begins negotiating for lucrative new dyeing deal.But delivery delayed until November. Deal lost. Principle: ‘type’ of losses must be foreseen as a ‘serious possibility’. Therefore, the laundry can claim lost production, not lost new deal. Quantum of Damages Means the calculation of damages (Main Principle) The injured party is entitled to be placed in the same position that they would have been in if the contract had been performed†. *Damages compensate for loss suffer 1. Commonwealth v. Amann Aviation Contract was made for coastal surveillance. AA sets up, modifying planes, training staff etc, but wasn’t ready on time to start contract.C terminated, but being a breach of warranty only, C’s termination is not justified – placing C in breach. Principle: The injured party is entitled to be placed in the same position that they would have been in if the contract had been performed†. Therefore, the damages is awarded *Damages can be awarded for loss of a chance 1. Howe v. Teefy Lease of a racehorse for 3 years. Owner takes horse back after 3 months. Principle: Just because losses are â€Å"extremely difficult to quantify† doesn’t mean they won’t be ordered. This is â€Å"Loss of a Chance†. Therefore possible lost prizes can be claimed. Damages can’t be claim from loss of enjoyment or entertainment unless the fruit of the contract say so 2. Baltic v. Dillon Cruise liner sinks. Passenger sues for damages for disappointment & distress. Principle: While such damages are not usually given, this contract is to provide a relaxing holiday. This was the essence of the entire contract i. e. â€Å"†¦ The fruit of the contract is not provided†¦ † Therefore, the passenger can sue for disappointment and distress. *Damages must be mitigated Reasonable steps must be taken to minimise the loss. *Damages can be pre-agreedLiquidated damages arise from the parties agreeme nt to pay stated sum in the event of breach as long as it is a genuine pre-estimate and not a penalty 1. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd. v New Garage & Motor Co. Ltd. D contracts with N to supply tires provided that N will sell them at D’s preferred price. Contract provides that damages will accrue to D in the amount of ? 5 per tire for each tire sold below D’s price. Principle: The amount stated was a genuine pre-estimate of the loss to D. therefore, the clause is not penalty. Equitable remedies SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE Court order to carry out some act (perform the contract).It is not available in many circumstances. 1. Green v Sommerville G contracts to sell land to S – settlement fails when S has no funds. Later G rents property to S in anticipation of settlement – 6 months later G rescinds the contract. Principle: No two pieces of land are identical. G affirmed the contract & it should be performed as agreed. Damages will not compensate adequately. INJUNCT ION Court order prohibiting some act (breaching the contract). Not available in many circumstances. RESTITUTION â€Å"Quantum meruit† – â€Å"as much as he has earned†. No-one should benefit from â€Å"unjust enrichment†. Not available to a party in breach.

Montesquieu and George Washington

Our national government, in my opinion, was structured by following the writings of Montesquieu. Montesquieu wrote that leaders could not be trusted to always do what was right for the people and that govenment should be structured to keep the leaders of the government from acting in a selfish manner and passing laws that would help a select few instead of the majority of the people. That is exactly the way our Founding Fathers thought when they were writing the Constitution.Montesquieu first had the idea of seperation of powers in a government. He thought if there were different branches of government, then no one branch would have too much power. He also thought that each branch of government should represent different groups of the population, so no one group would have all the power. Our government followed this almost exactly as he wrote it. We have the Congress which is divided up into two seperate houses, one being represented by people who are voted on by the population.How m any representatives there are, depends on the amount of people in an area. The other is voted on by the people, but are the same amount for each state. Montesquieu also believed in a checks and balances system, where one branch of government has the power to check on another branch, and that one branch could not force another to do what it wanted it to do, but it could make sure that the other branch was doing something it shouldn't do. I think our national government has followed this idea too.Our government is set up so that each branch can check on the other to make sure they are doing what they are supposed to do for the common good of the nation. Ours may go even further than Montesquieu's ideas, because our President has the power to Veto a law that has passed through Congress, but Congress can override his veto if they have enough votes. I think the men who set up our national government not only followed the ideas of Montesquieu, but believed his ideas were correct when stru ctering our government.

Health Inequalities in Scotland/Uk Essay

The causes for health inequalities are very complex and seemingly conflicting. Recent studies show that death rates in Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool in 2003 and 2007 were much higher than anywhere else in the UK. This is because these cities all have the same crucial issue – poverty and it is estimated that 25% of their populations are classed as ‘deprived’. There are many crucial factors to health inequalities, including poverty in which the CASSI report linked together. Perhaps one of the main issues is lifestyle choices. The North-South divide clearly shows that Scotland has major health issues. The investigation of the 3 cities (Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool) shows that lifestyle is an important issue. It shows that Scottish people are more likely to die at a younger age, have strokes and get heart disease if they live in deprived areas, compared to their English equivalents – which still have bad health. The report illustrates that the death rate is 15% higher in Glasgow than in the other two cities, hence the phrase â€Å"The Glasgow Effect†. Six out of seven of the worst areas in Scotland are in Glasgow, where those in Edinburgh are expected to live on average four years longer. The average life expectancy for a man in Scotland is 75.3 and 79.9 for a female, yet in England it is 78 for a male and 82.1 for a female – showing that the North South Divide is important when looking at health inequalities. Smoking and obesity are both issues linked with social class and poverty. In Social Class 1, 13% of women are obese, but it is Social Class 2 where it increases to 25%. There are many illnesses related to obesity including heart disease. 66% of people in Scotland are classed as overweight, and 4 people die every week due to obesity. The struggling NHS forks out  £125 million pounds per year to treat obese people. Messages from the government have helped to reduce smoking by 75% in Social Class 1 but Social Class 2 only by 35%. 15% of people in Clarkston (Glasgow) smoke, whereas in the poorer area of Nitshill 44% of people smoke. Smoking can lead to cancer, heart disease and death. Alcohol misuse also separates social classes. 1 in 4 men in Glasgow admit to having a drinking problem with 200,000 dependant on alcohol, and 40% of women – therefore it is no surprise that it’s a major cause of premature death in Scotland. Glasgow has the highest alcohol related deaths in the UK where two thirds are from the most deprived areas. Someone born in Caltson has a life expectancy of just 54 years, but someone in Lenzie, just a matter of miles away, can expect to live to 82 years old. The life expectancy in India is 62, 8 years more than in Calton despite the fact that 80% of the population in India live in poverty, highlighting the lifestyle choices of people can impact on health. The most recent Government report states that â€Å"There is a clear relationship between income equality†. It tells us that more than two thirds of the total alcohol related deaths were in the most deprived areas and that those living in these areas of Scotland have a greater suicide risk – more than â€Å"double that of the Scottish average†. Clearly, those with money can afford to buy a gym membership, private healthcare and other things which improve their quality of life and therefore they have a better lifestyle than poorer people – thus showing a link between poverty and health, as those in rich areas can expect to live 30 years more than those in poor areas. Finally, ethnic origin is a factor which can influence health inequalities. An example of this is those originally from Pakistan and Bangladesh are five times more likely to suffer from diabetes than the white population. Indians are three times more likely at risk than whites. Pakistani and Bangladeshis men and women face a higher risk of heart disease than average, whilst Chinese face a lower than average risk. This highlights the thought that your ethnic origin can affect your health. To conclude, I believe that both poverty and lifestyle contribute to poor health, although I believe that poverty is more of an issue than any other factor.

Tourism of Valais Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism of Valais - Research Paper Example This country situated in central Europe keeps pulling a vast number of visitors every year, and this is increasing by the time (Lew, 2008). Various factors have ensured that Switzerland remains as one of Europe’s greatest tourist destinations. The country has a beautiful landscape and scenery comprised of beautiful mountains and undulating valleys. This scenic beauty pulls millions of visitors every year. Apart from the landscape, the country has beautiful lakes and water catchment areas which are a site to behold. Lakes like Lucerne are very beautiful and every year, thousands of people travel there to see this beautiful lake. Apart from this, people are attracted to Switzerland due to winter activities like ice hockey. Such sports are interesting; hence, they pull very many people to Switzerland. The summers are also warm and tourists take part in summer activities like sun bathing and beach activities. Cable cars that connect various mountains in Switzerland are another tou rist attraction site in Switzerland. People who have never been in such cars will want to go and board them so that they can also be part of the experience. Apart from these attractions, Switzerland has very many animal zoos which have various wild animals that have been tamed. As much as these animals are not in their natural habitat, they provide a potent tourism attraction. Therefore, Switzerland has succeeded in its tourist activities due to the fact that it has a diverse range of tourist attractions which have ensured that it receives thousands of visitors every year. This has in turn boosted the economy of the country. Currently, Switzerland is one of the richest countries in Central Europe, and this can be attributed to its noteworthy tourist activities (William, 2008). Factors that have contributed to tourism success in Switzerland Various factors have contributed to the tourism success in Switzerland. For one, Switzerland is strategically located in Central Europe, which ha s ensured that the country receives visitors all round Europe. Visitors are able to transit from the north, south, east and west, and meet at the central zone of Europe. As a result of this, its geographical position has enhanced its tourism capability. Secondly, the people of Switzerland are very friendly and hospitable, which implies that tourists from any part of the world are assured that they will be in good hands. Most tourists long to visit Switzerland as a result of this hospitality. Another advantage that Switzerland has is that it has the policy of neutrality. Banks in Switzerland allow investments from any citizens of the world without any hindrances or conditions. As a result of this, people are able to visit Switzerland without any fears as compared to other countries where there is thorough vetting of documents before one is allowed in. To most people, this is a tedious procedure which discourages one from touring countries. Thirdly, Switzerland has many cultures. Very many cultures and races intermingle in Switzerland. As a result of this, people from various races are encouraged to visit Switzerland which has ensured that tourist numbers have increased every year. This country has cultural intermingling, and as a result of this, it is possible to find various resorts belonging to many cultural backgrounds. For example, Valais is an area in Switzerland that is exclusively French, hence, people of French cultures are attracted to this area so that they are able to experience their

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People - Essay Example In the context of the Morgans Hotel Group which makes use of the bureaucratic organisational structure that does not provide the opportunity of incorporate changes within the organisation’s structure along with its strategies and systems and also it does not practice the performance appraisal system among the employees (Morgans Group LLC, 2012). Performance appraisal is one of the crucial approaches which facilities to accomplish the individual’s job performance and to enhance productivity that would benefit Morgans to increase its efficiency in the work process. It would enable Morgans to assess the positive aspects of an employee’s performance over a certain period of time and also to analyse the areas the employee requires to improve. It would facilitate Morgans to increase its customer loyalty and its brand recognition, resulting in its profit maximisation. In the service industry in which Morgans operates, customer satisfaction is one of the prime attributes which it needs to meet on a regular basis. This aspect can only be attained by happy and contented employees of the organisation and their contentment can be largely ensured with the help of a well-documented performance appraisal and up-to-date job description (Pettijohn & et. al., 2001). Thus, the absence of such mechanisms and structures can impede Morgans Hotel Group from leveraging complete benefits out of their employees which would certainly create hindrance for it to maintain sustainability. Part 2 Alternative Models of Leadership in the Organisation Level Situational Leadership Model The situational leadership model essentially mentions about the leadership method that takes place according to the circumstances faced by the organisations. According to the developers of situational leadership model Ken Blanchard along with Paul Hersey, situational leadership is based on relationship among certain variables such as, The task behaviour of a leader involves the communication l evel of clarifying the detailed information about the work and with an estimated time as well as the working procedures for the task to every individual or group in the organisation. In the similar context, the relationship behaviour of a leader incorporates providing socio-emotional sustainability to the employees by human motivational actions, such as appreciation, reward and recognition among others. Moreover, readiness of an individual or a group signifies the ability to acquire the responsibilities of self directing and working independently in terms of a particular task (Watkins, n. d.). However, the situational model of leadership style entails the directive parts of task behaviour which is an important part for Morgans to explain the works that are to be done by its employees. The socio-emotional factors necessitate the various motivational skills that a leader or a manager of Morgans Hotel Group is required to practice in order to increase the willingness regarding their sp ecific tasks. Participative Leadership Style The model brings about the effects of the values of the opinions or the ideas from each individual of

Facilities Management Programmes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facilities Management Programmes - Essay Example At the same time, the government has also been committed to the provision of better services in the health, transport, education and other key sectors. In addition, the economies of scale have forced many companies to outsource the services of other companies, and have been observed across the board, for both the private and the public sectors (Wood 2007). The emphasis here of course, has been a need to have growth in such sectors as education, healthcare and utilities. The government too has largely been credited for the outsourcing programmes in the public sector, in a quest to improve and upgrade accommodation, housing and other related services. To this end, the design, finance, build and operate contracting has especially found use in hospitals and schools (CFM 2002). The upgrading and support services provision of outmoded facilities has also not been left out. Given the needs as well as the projected growth of the facilities market in the united kingdom, it is only in order that there be qualified and well trained property managers who will comfortably handle such issue as space design and management, the procurement of facilities, the computation and analysis of facilities costs, as well as the handling of taxation of the same (Chapman 2008). With the rapid rise in technology, and the bar in the ma... rs, it is also important that those managers receives the latest training on computer-aided management of facilities, so as to keep abreast with the dynamic changes in the sector. The onus is on the administrators of the institutions of higher learning in the United Kingdom that offers course if facilities or property management to ensure that their graduates receive training that in s in line with the market requirements (CFM 2002). Otherwise, there is every possibility that they will not only be overtaken by technological changes, but also that they may not impact positively as future property managers. 2. Problem statement The prevailing global credit crunch has especially handed the property market a serious blow. Owing to the numerous losses that these clients may have suffered, there is every need for the industry to ensure that they win back the confidence of the consumers. At the same time, the housing market and the real estate businesses are progressing fast against a backdrop of reducing building space (CFM 2002). This has thus ensured that the property procurement protocols have become more compels by the day. Globalization has also ensured that investors put their money in diversified locations whose property rules differ, and this means that a property managers has to keep abreast with the advances in development of the industry. For this reason, there is a need that the institutions of learning are able to tailor their programmes to suit the need of the market (Nutt & McLennan 2000). Furthermore, clients are becoming sophisticated by the day, while competition in the facilities management demands astute management skills, prompting the industry to seek out shrewd property managers who cab be able to wither the storm (Graham & Price 2000). The

Culture Expos Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Culture Expos Project - Research Paper Example market. In assessing the Filipino culture, the study hopes to suggest some strategies to attract and fulfill the needs of this particular market. Filipinos are natives of the Philippines, a country in the Asia Pacific region near Hong Kong and Malaysia. Historians have noted that the Filipinos have a mixed culture due to their mixed ancestry. The earliest generations of this culture are Malays who came to the Philippine islands for settlement (Halili, 2004). They scattered all over the country, and because the Philippines is an archipelago, the Filipinos speak different dialects or local languages (Agoncillo, 1974) but like their Chinese neighbor, manage to maintain a national language also called Filipino. Chinese inhabitants are also all over the country but they settled in the Philippines merely for business, hence the Filipino of today also bears some Chinese ancestry. In 1521, the Philippines was discovered by Spanish colonizers led by Magellan (Halili, 2004). This started the c olonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards whose settlement lasted for more than three centuries (ibid.). This long history of colonization has a great impact on the Filipino culture. Nevertheless, the cruelty of the colonizers kept a distance between the natives and the former. Rizal, the Philippine’s national hero whose name is acclaimed in some Western countries like Germany, noted in his writings how the Spaniards, especially the rulers of the Church treated the Filipinos with lambasting words, unjust imprisonment and disappearance, denial of property, among many other acts of injustice (Capino, Gonzales, and Pineda, 2005). The Philippines was liberated from the Spanish regime when the Americans came in 1901. Unlike the Spaniards who did not teach their language for fear of being overpowered, the Americans, through the Thomasites taught English to the Filipinos and promoted education, especially free elementary education. The Thomasites were the first American teache rs who came to the Philippines to teach the Filipinos (Halili, 2004). The Americans noted the lack of education and the poverty that loomed in the Philippines after the Spanish regime. They attempted to improve the living conditions of the Filipino by sending some scholars in the U.S. to study (ibid.). Those Filipinos may have inspired others to come to America, thus explaining the wide population of Filipinos in the U.S. at present. When the WWII broke up, the Philippines was invaded by Japan and along with Filipino soldiers, some American soldiers were tortured by the Japanese to march several miles from Bataan Province to Manila (ibid.). This is known today as the Bataan Death March, in which some soldiers died of hunger and thirst. After four days, when additional American troops were sent to the Philippines, the Japanese invaders were ousted, making the Filipinos free from another threat of colonization. The different settlers in the Philippines impacted the Filipino culture, m aking it a combination of the Spanish, American, and Japanese culture superimposed by the Malay ancestry it has. Filipinos nowadays have healed from their past and seen on American television, for instance, Charice Pempengco, ultimately project easy adaptability with other cultures. Their clothes are a cross between Western and Asian influences. They have developed a cultural adaptability style that tends to accept differences and unify

Greece Economic Crisis of 2011 and its Prospects in the EU as its Essay

Greece Economic Crisis of 2011 and its Prospects in the EU as its Member - Essay Example 306). The deficit stood at 12.8 percent of GDP instead of 3.6 percent of GDP (Akram et al. 307). Inflation also was higher than the EU average (Xafa). Greece also accumulated a large current account deficit. Consumers demanded foreign goods, which resulted in a current account deficit of $51.5 billion in 2008 (Akram et al. 309). Private debt as a result accumulated too. By the end of 2009, Greece was downgraded by most rating agencies. According to Akram et al., â€Å"in October 2009, Fitch had down shifted the Greek credibility to A- and further degraded to BBB+ by the end of December 2009. Standards & Poor’s and Moody also downgraded the Greece on the same grounds† (306). The prognosis by many was that Greece needed to leave the Euro zone (Akram et al. 306). Some even recommended that the Euro Zone should be partitioned on a north – south basis (Akram et al. 306). The trust of investors was destroyed. The government failed to impose reforms. Administration also failed to properly assess the situation in Greece prior to 2009 (Akram et al. 308). Corruption levels were high too, which placed Greece at the bottom of South Europe (Akram et al. 308). Tax evasion stood at 30 percent of GDP (Akram et al. 308). Instead of flowing into government pockets, and then being used to repay the debt, this money stayed in private hands. As a result, investors fled as Greece was downgraded. The Euro Zone was supposed to decrease exchange rate fluctuations of its member – countries. According to Mishkin, large exchange rate fluctuations damage the economy (319). They damage financial institutions and banks as fluctuations generate losses (Mishkin 319). A single, strong currency can decrease these fluctuations. The single currency is still overwhelmingly a...This paper is the best example of analysis of the economic crisis in Greece in 2011. The root causes of the crisis are identified, and possible ways of the crisis overcoming are presented. Prospect s of the EU as an integral organization are described Origins of the crisis lie in the Greek public debt. In the 1980’s and early 1990’s, interest payment on public debt comprised a large share of the state deficit). Until the end of the 1990’s, despite high levels of public debt, Greece had managed to maintain fiscal control and debt regulation, largely because of the EU membership and lower interest rates it had to pay on its debt. Greece was unable to finance its deficit without indebting itself, because of low levels of public saving since the 1980’s. As a result, most of the Greek public debt, 80 percent, ended up being owned by 2010 by foreign banks. Greece also accumulated a large current account deficit. Consumers demanded foreign goods, which resulted in a current account deficit of $51.5 billion in 2008. Private debt as a result accumulated too. By the end of 2009, Greece was downgraded by most rating agencies. The trust of investors was destroyed. The government failed to impose reforms. Administration also failed to properly assess the situation in Greece prior to 2009). Corruption levels were high too. Tax evasion stood at 30 percent of GDP. Politically, an exit by Greece could imply a disaster. The EU would not be viewed as a strong union. Investors might view it unfavorably as well, since failure to keep Greece could be viewed as a forecast for future crises among the EU members. Moreover, if Greece exits and is bailed out at a lower interest rate, other countries would find it profitable to leave as well.

A good mission and vision state Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A good mission and vision state - Coursework Example The use of mission statement is wide and is not limited to any type of institution or business concern. Thus, non-profit organizations, educational institutions, private businesses and governments all have their own mission statements that are unique in their own way. Nonetheless, there are certain aspects that make the mission statements of the commercial and non-profit organizations different from each other. An example of such would be the aspect of commercial purpose that is not visible in non-profit organizations. An organization also has to visualize its future position in order to remain competitive in the market and global competition. In this context, a vision statement helps an organization to determine its future vision at the time of its establishment. Thus, it enables the founders of the business or nonprofit organization to develop its goals and strategic policies in accordance with the vision that it has and desires to pursue in the long run. The vision statement can be based on a period of 5 to 20 years, depending upon its mission statement. The purpose of this paper is to identify the 5 criteria for developing an effective mission and vision statement. Also, the paper will discuss the rationale for the 5 criteria to qualify as an integral part of an effective mission and vision statement. At the end, the paper will compare the lists of criteria of mission and vision statement in order to analyze the similarities and the differences between the two. A mission statement can only be effective if it consists of all the basic elements for which it exists. For instance, the purpose of a mission statement is to establish the grounds on which the organization is formed. These grounds determine the nature, industry, target market and future economic and social benefits that the organization is aimed to provide. In order to make a difference and empower the organization with a strong mission, it is important to have an effective

Travel literature Essay Example for Free

Travel literature Essay Travel literature took place around the 19th century. It was also known as the Augustan Age, the Age of Enlightens or the Neo Classical Age. The art of journeying is a process of self-discovery and to discover new destination, culture and place.During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, traveling became very popular. The Europeans especially the Portuguese, Dutch, English and Spanish started to explore new places in the East. The first expedition to the east was conquered by the Portuguese. In November 1497, Vasco da Gama led the first major European excursion into the Indian Ocean at Cape of Good Hope which was the gateway to South East Asia. The second expedition was led by Alfonso de Albuquerque who extended their power eastwards by gaining control of Malacca in 1511. When the Portuguese first arrived at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the leading emporium of western South-East Asia was Malacca. It continued the practice of other great ports of earlier years where ships from India, China and Java converged on Malacca. They usually will not come at the same time because each group had to plan an inward and a return voyage to fit the seasonal changes of the monsoon winds. The cultural observations made by various writers are what I am going to discuss and it is based on J.M. Gullicks Adventures and Encounters in South East Asia. The two stories that I have chosen to discuss are King Mongkut faces the Camera by John Thomson and Sultan Yusuf faces the Death and Turns Back by Hugh Clifford. John Thomson is a professional photographer who made his appearance in the second half of the nineteenth century. John Thomson (1837-1921) is a Scotsman, who arrived in Singapore in 1862 to join his brother William in the business of watchmaker and photographer. His travels brought him to Bangkok in 1865, and then went to Cambodia to take photographs of the ruins of Angkor Watt. Later he set up his business in Hong Kong and from there made trips to China to take photographs. He became a fashionable photographer in the West End of London, in later part of his life. Thomsons most reliable and outstanding writing was when he had a trip to Bangkok during the reign of King Mongkut (r.1851-68), where he photograph the palace and the king. John Thomson has talked about many cultural observations in his passage called King Mongkut Faces the Camera. Throughout his observations, Thomson has always compares the Local Culture to his own Home Culture. The Home Culture has become a kind of yardstick for his view and reasoning about the Local Culture. After Thomson was better acquainted with Krum-mun-alongkot, he was introduced to his family circle. He had, I believe, sixteen wives, although I never saw more than twelve at a time; some of these were young and pretty.1 The wives were usually engaged in embroidery. They also practiced the habit of chewing betel-nuts and smoking cigarettes. The children on the other hand were also born with cigarettes in their mouths2 According to John Thomson, he actually saw a child leaving its mothers breast for a smoke. In this observation of his, Thomson uses his Home Culture as a yardstick for the reason and view of the local culture. Therefore, he disapproves the idea of more wives, smoking cigarettes and chewing betel-nuts which cannot be found in his culture and consider that the westerns are more civilized. He even regards it as a pity by saying; I thought it a pity to see them smoking cigarettes, or chewing betel-nuts, the teeth blackened with the incrustation and their mouths disfigured with blood-red juice; they also perforce a nasty habit of spitting into golden vases which their slaves help up dutifully for the purpose.3 He regards their behavior has pity because as a member of the royal family, they are not portraying or setting a good example for others. Usually high rank monarchs set a good example to the public. On top of this, the idea of the children who were born with the cigarettes in their mouths is also considered uncivilized. Children at such a young age should not be exposed to bad habits like this. They are to be brought up in a healthy environment and thought the rightful things in life. Thomson also disapproves the way the servants were treated. They have to hold the golden vases for their mistress to spit their betel-nuts juice and crowd in their hands and knees behind their masters. Around his singular figure were grouped a number of his attendants and slaves, who crowded reverently on their hands and knees and they had also perforce a nasty habit of spitting into golden vases which their slaves help up dutifully for the purpose.4 Thomson regards the servant as Slaves because they do not have a social stand in the society. They are treated like slaves and when Thomson saw this, it came as a shock to him. Again, he finds it an uncivilized behaviour compared to his own country. I think that Thomson did not give a fair description on this matter because he is judging based on his home culture and therefore it has become a yardstick for his reason and view. He did not spend much time in Thai to observe and learn about the culture. He only comments on his observation through his short stay in Thai. He did not take the trouble to find out why they are practicing it. In other words Thomson is trying to affirm his superiority by saying the West is more civilized than the East. According to Thomsons point of view, Thai was a much modernized country. This is pictured through the observation that was done in the palace. The room in which we were received was filled with foreign machinery, scientific instruments and articles of domestic use. ..there was a telegraphic machine, backed by a statue of Buddha..There were also watch tools, turning-lathes and telescopes, guitars, tom-toms, fiddles and hand-saws; while betel-nut boxes, swords, spears, and shoe-brushes, rifles, revolvers, Windsor-soap, rat-paste, brass wire and beer bottles, were mingled in heterogeneous confusion.5 Although the Siamese have all the modern equipment with them yet they do not know how to use it or the purposes of it. They only display it to show that they too posses it. For example, in one corner there was a telegraphic machine, backed by a statue of Buddha.6 This shows that they do not know how to use a telegraphic machine and just display it like a statue of Buddha. From this passage we know that the Thai are very ignorant to the foreign instrument and Thomson feels what they really need is a practical use of knowledge. They simply accept the modernization with out knowing its practical usage. According to Thomson, the Thai monarch believes that by doing miracle to the country, the people will look up at him and he can become a very powerful person. In this point of view, Thomson has managed to give a fair and objective view of the Thai who are so ignorant in using the modern equipment. They simply display it without knowing its purpose. For example the entire room was filled with modern equipment together with betel-nut boxes, swords, spears and shoe-brushes7. This clearly shows that the Thai did not have any knowledge on the use of the equipment and they simply put it together with other unwanted or unimportant items. The idea of appropriation is due to the process of post colonial which takes over the local culture. Although Thai has never been colonilized by any foreign forces, yet it has the influence of westernization through the impact of modernization of the country by King Mongkut. Therefore the idea of appropriation has been adopted by the local people and it has a great impact in the local culture. The idea of appropriation in the Thai culture can be seen through many aspects such in the Siamese Kings English and also in the hybrid image of the Siamese Women. The idea of appropriating is to take one as its own. Therefore when the king of Thai speaks his Siamese English, we can say that he is appropriating the English. This is because, he not only mixing his own Thai language with the English but also speaks bad English. Mr Town-shun, ..Ah! you are Scotchman, and speak English I can understand; there are Englishmen here who have not understanding of their own language when I speak.8 The Siamese kings English is not only very amusing to the readers but also becomes as an dramatic irony because the king does not realize that he speaks bad English and at the same time was commenting to Thomson about his own Englishmen who could not understand their own language when he speaks. Therefore, what Thomson is trying to say is the West is appropriating the East by colonization yet here the king of Siam is appropriating the English by thinking that he speaks good English compare to the Englishmen and does not realize that his English is bad. The Siamese women who were trying to mimic the western ladies draws the attention of Thomson. The imitations of English ladies were particularly ludicrous, for while the contrast between the graceful, modest native costumes and the huge crinoline and chignon of the West, could not fail to strike every beholder.9 Thomson totally disapproves the idea of the Thai women who were trying to imitate the English women. According to him, it losses its value and draws the contras. He like the Siamese ladies to be Siam and not to mimicry the foreigners. The Siamese women dressed in western style create a hybrid image. It does not portray their culture and belongings. Therefore, the both examples that were mentioned above, Thomson has given a fair judgment and how it reflects a negative view on the Thai culture. The hair cutting ceremony or also known as coming to age ceremony is also an official ceremony carried out to the young Prince who has come to the throne. It is also known as the Tonsure or So-Kan Festival. I afterwards attended the great Tonsure Festival, or So-Kan, as the Siamese call it, when the heir-apparent, Prince Chowfa Chul-along-korn, who has since come to the throne, was deprived of the pride, pomp and circumstance of a sacred Brahminical rite.10 Thomson describes every procedure in full detail and in each he gives a full description of what was going on. He also gives a very positive and objective view of the local custom and culture which was carried out. Within the grounds of the first kings place, there is a large paved quadrangle ..known as mount Khrai-lat, and bearing a tiny shrine upon its summityoung Prince thrice around the sacred mount khrai-lat. Later two ladies, who was waiting belowbathe his feet in a silver urn. Thence he betakes himself to a temple hard by, where the top-knot is solemnly removed.11 Thomson gives a full description of the entire ceremony from the beginning to the end. He even commons by saying The entire ceremony is long and tedious and I was the only European who witnessed this important part of the Brahminical ceremony.12 In his observations on the hair cutting ceremony, Thomson has not only given a very lengthy description of the ceremony and its importance but also marks his present as a very important one. In this aspect, Thomson has list down his observation which was very unique to him. This was something new to him and he was so amused by it. He give a lengthy description about the entire observation and it gives the readers a better view of what a hair cutting ceremony is all about. Thomson was requested to company Krum-mun-alongkot a chief astronomer and the king Mongkuts royal brother. Thomson notices that he was dressed, when at home, in a light jacket, much too small to cover him and wore a band of silk around his loins. His shrunken limbs were bare and his feet encased in richly-embroidered slippers; but on other occasions, when he paid me a visit, for example, he assumed much more ample and costly attire.13 For a foreigner like Thomson, to see a monarch with Bare Limbs comes as a cultural shock. This is because the royal families in the west are very well dressed and very formal at all times. They do not choose to dress freely as they wish at home and quite formal for occasion. Therefore when Thomson saw Krum-mun-alongkot, in two different ways, it was like a kind of shock to him . Although kind and hospitable, the Prince was not a man calculated to inspire awe into his beholders.14 Indirectly, it also suggests that Thomson was affirming his superiority compare to the Thais. Therefore, he affirmers that although the Thai monarchs are kind and hospitable yet it does not give any positive impression about them compare to the westerns. In this point of view, I totally disagree with Thomson because he did not give a fair judgment. In the Asian society each country has its own traditional costume. Therefore, the Prince attire of a short jacket and silk might be their traditional costume and the Prince might be comfortable with it. Therefore, Thomson can not make his judgment comparing the Prince attire to his own monarch who dressed more formally. Hugh Clifford came much later and became a legendary figure. He had begun his colonial career at the age of seventeen. In a period of conflict between Malay resistance in Pahang and colonial expansion, he rose rapidly to the senior ranks of the government, becoming a Resident when he was under thirty five. He was then suspected to be poisoned but recovered to pursue a more prosaic middle career in other British colonies. In 1927 he realized his long cherished hope of returning to Malaya as governor. However, within a couple of years he was disabled by insanity which lasted to his death in 1941. Clifford was a prolific writer and often a powerful one. He likes to write about the Malay aristocratic and the village life of the Malay states in the late 19th century. One of his personal experiences with the local is Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. Hugh Clifford like wise John Thomson has talked about much cultural observation especially about the Malay aristocratic and the village life of the Malay States. His close relationship with the local monarchs is pictured in Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. Cliffords point of view on the cultural observations can be divided into some subtopic as well. In Cliffords passage called Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back, the sultan of Perak called Sultan Yusuf was afflicted by a tumor of the brain, which the European doctors predicted would be fatal. However Sultan Yusuf and many of his Malay subjects, believe that his illness was the result of a curse laid upon him by Megat Pandia ( a withchdoctor).15 In the Malay society, top priorities are given to superstitious believe. In the passage of Sultan Yusuf, although the European doctors have confirmed that Sultan Yusuf is afflicted with brain tumor and predicted that he might live a day or two yet the locals did not believe it and think that his sickness is caused by a curse laid upon him by a witchdoctor called Megat Pandia due to some money problem. So, to break the spell upon Sultan Yusuf, a local medicine-man is called to perform the ceremony. So the medicine-men pattered charms and exorcisms unceasingly; and when the fits seized the King, the most daring and the most mendacious among them would cry out that he beheld the Bajang ( the Familiar One) and his horrible spouse the Lang Suir (the Weird Kite-Hag) sitting over against the body of their victim.16 After the medicine-man has performed his ceremony, the Sultan slowly regains conscious and started to live a normal life. Later, Clifford also explains that on the same day Megat Pandia was found death and the cause of his death is natural. Although we find it hard to believe of what had happen to Megat Pandia and Sultan Yusuf, yet the events that took place shows that the presents of supernatural elements are true and believable especially in the case of Sultan Yusuf. Hugh Clifford has given us of his personal observation and not his opinion. Therefore, although it is unbelievable, yet because he himself encounters it and have lived with the Malay society for many years, make us accepts his point of view which comes as a fact. According to the observation done by Clifford, the sickness of the King also became a national crisis. When the King falls sick, the people too felt the pain. According to Clifford, the people gathered around the balai where the King was laid to see, touch and feel by pressing their hand on him for the last time. Then we, who sat nearest to him, laid violent hands upon him to restrain his struggles and to shampoo his tortured limbsthey made this part of their duty serve as an occasion for touching and pressing the hands of one or another of the young Rajas whose devotion to their dying monarch.17 From the small description, Clifford has made the readers realize of how the Malay society thinks highly on the King and country. Clifford has explained to us of how they show their respect by spending their nights beside the Kings bed by shampooing him to restrain his struggles. Through this small passage, Clifford has made us realize how the locals are so loyal and faithful to their King. Through this, he has managed to give a fair and objective view of the local culture. There are also some minor aspects that Clifford has touch in the passage called Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. The influence of Islamic aspects is very much clear in their daily life. The locals are very much adapted to the religious terms like Ya Allah! Ya Tuhan- Ku and Lam-alif. Lam- alif here refers to a letter the wedded consonant and vowel which forms the first portion of the profession of Muhammadan faith.18 Lam-alif is a kind of holy word that often used when someone is in the sick bed. According to Clifford who has mentioned how Sultan Yusuf who was in the process of dying, confess Lam-alif At Last he said, Guru, I behold the Lam-alif!.19 This shows how the locals have adopted to the term that has become a part of their daily life and culture. Chewing betel-nuts also become a culture of the locals. Clifford has made an observation on this, when Sultan Yusufs guru smiled. The gurus smile widened till his red, betel-stained gash of a mouth extended almost from ear to ear.20 This shows how frequently they chew betel-nuts. Like wise in Siam, it is also a part of the Malay tradition to chew betel-nuts. From the above description, we can say that Clifford has observed very closely of the Malay culture and give an objective view of their practice and living style. As a result, the cultural observation done by John Thomson on King Mongkut faces the Camera and Hugh Cliffords Sultan Yusuf Faces the death and Turns Back has come out with their own perception and view. John Thomson gives his fair judgment in the things he agrees and eventually disagrees when he finds something that is contrast or that is unacceptable. For example he admires King Mongkut and the way he was dressed. I must confess that I felt much impressed by his appearance, as I had never been in the presence of an anointed sovereign before.. His dress was a robe of spotless white;I was admiring the simplicity and purity of this attire.21 Thomson being very frank by saying how he feels about certain things. In another example, when he finds the women are mimicry the western ladies, he gives a negative point of view. The imitations of English ladies were particularly ludicrous.22 Through out Thomsons observation in Siam is based on his Home Culture and therefore he agrees to certain accepts and disagrees in others. Where else in the Hugh Cliffords passage called Sultan Yusuf faces the death and Turns Back, he has given a full description of his personal observation only. Hugh Clifford did not make any commandments or give his personal opinion on his observation. His observations are mainly of what he sees. He gave two different account on the situation the leave it to the readers to judge and make their own stand between the death of the Sultan. The Europeans doctors explained that the growth of the tumor on the Kings brain had been suddenly arrested and the case was quoted as one of the unparallel interest but the Malays say that the King went near to lose his life at the hands of Megat Pendias Familiar.23 WORK CITED 1. Gullick J. M. , Adventures and Encounters Europeans in South East Asia, Oxford University Press, New York,1995. 2. Coedes G. , The Indianised States of Southest Asia, East West Center Press, Honolulu, 1968. 3. Pratt Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes, Travel Writing and Transculturation, Routledge, London, 1992. 4. Spurr David, The Rhetoric of Empire, Duke University Press, London. 1933. 5. Lecture Notes. 6. www.yahoo.com 1 Gullick J.M, Adventures and Encounters Europeans in South East Asia, Oxford University Press, New York,1995. Pg 84. 2 Ibid. Pg. 84 3 Ibid. Pg.84 4 Ibid. Pg. 82 and 84 5 Ibid. Pg. 82 and 83 6 Ibid. Pg. 82 7 Ibid. Pg. 83 8 Ibid. Pg. 84 9 Ibid. Pg. 88 10 Ibid. Pg. 87 11 Ibid. Pg. 87 and 89 12 Ibid. Pg. 89 13 Ibid. Pg. 82 14 Ibid. Pg. 82 15 Ibid. Pg. 96 and 97 16 Ibid. Pg. 100 17 Ibid. Pg. 99 18 Ibid. Pg. 102 19Ibid. Pg. 102 20 Ibid. Pg. 101 21 Ibid. Pg. 85 22 Ibid. Pg. 88 23 Ibid. Pg. 105

Properties of Graphene Essay

Properties of Graphene Essay Recently, graphene has much attention for researchers due to its interesting properties and advantanges to industries moreover in nanomaterials. Graphene is a polymer structure made of fused six membered sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. Graphene is pure carbon in the form of very thin, nearly transparent sheet, basically one atom thick. Graphene is the building block of graphite. Graphene sheets are composed of carbon atoms linked in hexagonal shapes which each of the carbon atom covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is remarkably as a strong for its very low weight, and it conducts heat and electricity with great efficiency. In facts, graphene is a crystalline allotrope of carbon with 2-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arrayed in hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Graphene can be described as a one-thick layer of graphite. It is basic structural element of other allotropes including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. Graphene considered as an indefinately large aromatic molecule. The atomic structure of isolated for single layer of graphene was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on sheets of graphene suspended between bars of a metallic grid. Electron diffaction patterns showed the expected honeycomb lattice. Graphene sheets in solid form usually show evidence in diffraction for graphite’s layering. this is true of some single-walled nanostructures. Generally there are two common properties for each of compound that studied. For chemical properties, graphene is the only form of carbon in which each single atom is in exposure for chemical reaction from two sides due to its 2-dimensional structure. It is known that carbon atoms at the edge of graphene sheets have special chemical reactivity. In fact, graphene has the highest ratio of edge carbons in comparison with similar materials such as carbon nanotubes. The onset temperature of reaction between the basal plane of single-layer graphene and oxygen gas was said to be below 260 oC while graphene burns at temperature usually 350 oC. Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon because of the lateral availability of carbon atoms. Commonly, graphene is modified with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From the point of review, the carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nanometers. As the nanoscale allotrope of carbon, electrons can only move between carbon atoms in the 2-dimensional lattice. It has shown many intriguing properties including high mobility of charge carriers, unique transport perfomance, high mechanical strength and extremely high thermal conductivity. The carrier moves ballistically over the graphene surface, enabling graphene sheets to conduct electricity very well. The unique properties where electrons obey a linear dispersion relation and behave like massless relativistics particles, resulting in the observation of a number of very peculiar electronic properties such as the quantum Hall effect and transport via relativistic Diracfermions. Other complex interactions between electrons and the hexagonal lattice make graphene transparent, flexible and strong. These properties and others have compelled many researchers over the half-decade to study grap hene for a diverse array of uses. Nowadays, graphene has received much attention recently in the scientific community because of its distinct properties and potentials in nanoelectronic applications. Apart from high electrical conductivity at room temperature, graphene also much potential use as transistor, nano-sensors, transparent electrodes and many other applications. In conclusion, special properties of graphene do not stop with weird physics. As a conductive, electrons are the particles that make up electricity. When graphene allows electrons to move quickly, it is allowing electricity to move quickly. In facts, graphene provide to move electrons 200 times faster than silicon bacause they travel with such little interruption. Graphene is an excellent heat conductor which works normally at room temperature. A sheet of graphene is very strong due to its unbroken pattern and the strong bonds between the carbon atoms. Those strong bonds make graphene very flexible, where it can be twisted, pulled and curved to a ce rtain extent without breaking. Graphene absorb 2.3 percent of the visible light that hits it, which means we can see through it without to deal with any glare. Synthesis of graphene much more benefit in nanomaterials. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology are new à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ elds of science and technology. Fundamentally, nanotech-nology is about manipulating and making materials at the atomic and molecular levels. It is expected that nanotechnology will change solid-state gas sensing dramatically and will probably gain importance in all à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ elds of sensor application over the years. Nanotechnology is still in its infancy, but the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld has been a hot area of research globally since a few years ago. It has been found that with reduction in size, novel electrical, mechanical, chemical, catalytic, and optical properties can be introduced. As a result, it has been concluded that one-dimensional structures will be of beneà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ t for developing new generation chemical sensors that can achieve high performance. Therefore, in the last decade, the study of nanomaterials has become a primary focus in the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld of chemical sensor design (Das Prusty, 2013). In addition, graphene is the thinnest sheet-shaped molecules with an ultrasurface area. It have great uses in application in electronic devices, sensors, electrodes and other graphene composite materials. (Yang, Ratinac, Ringer, Thordason, Gooding Braet, 2010). As we know, graphene have lot of potential, large scale production of graphene with the best quality giving chances to synthesis the graphene for industrialization. There are many methods in order to get the graphene sheet such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of hydrocarbons on transition-metal substrates and epitaxial growth via high temperature treatment of silicon carbide, micromechanical exfoliation and cleavage. Although it can be provided graphene in large quantities, but that methods are difficult to scale up and need high level of knowledge and understanding about it equipment. In addition, these methods need high energy requirement and limitation of instrument. Herein are some of application and important of graphene to bioengineering, composite materials, energy technology and nanotechnology. Bioengineering will certainly be a field in which graphene will become a vital part of in the future although some obstacles need to be overcome before it can be used. However, the properties that it displays suggest that it could revolutionize this area in a number of ways.With graphene offering a large surface area, high electrical conductivity, thinness and strength, it would make a good candidate for the development of fast and efficient bioelectric sensory devices, with the ability to monitor such things as glucose levels, haemoglobin levels, cholesterol and even DNA sequencing. Eventually we may even see engineered ‘toxic’ graphene that is able to be used as an antibiotic or even anticancer treatment. In addition, due to its molecular make-up and potential biocompatibility, it could be utilised in the process of tissue regeneration. In optical electronics, graphene used on a commercial scale is that in optoelectronics, specifically touchscreens, liquid crystal displays (LCD) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is also highly conductive, as we have previously mentioned and so it would work very well in optoelectronic applications such as LCD touchscreens for smartphones, tablet and desktop computers and televisions. Graphene is strong, stiff and very light. Currently, aerospace engineers are incorporating carbon fibre into the production of aircraft as it is also very strong and light. However, graphene is much stronger whilst being also much lighter. Ultimately it is expected that graphene is utilized probably integrated into plastics such as epoxy to create a material that can replace steel in the structure of aircraft, improving fuel efficiency, range and reducing weight.Due to its electrical conductivity, it could even be used to coat aircraft surface material to prevent electrical damage resulting from lightning strikes. In this example, the same graphene coating could also be used to measure strain rate, notifying the pilot of any changes in the stress levels that the aircraft wings are under.These characteristics can also help in the development of high strength requirement applications such as body armour for military personnel and vehicles. Furthermore, graphene can uses as a sensor to diagnose some diseases. These sensors are based upon graphene where it have large surface area and the fact that molecules that are sensitive to particular diseases can attach to the carbon atoms in graphene. For example, researchers have found that graphene with strands of DNA and fluorescent molecules can be combined to diagnose diseases. A sensor is formed by attaching fluorescent molecules to single strand DNA and then attaching the DNA to graphene. When an identical single strand DNA combines with the strand on the graphene, a double strand DNA is formed that floats off from the graphene, increasing the fluorescence level. This method results in a sensor that can detect the same DNA for a particular disease in a sample. It also use as membranes for more efficient separation of gases. These membranes are made from sheets of graphene in which nanoscale pores have been created beecause graphene is only one atom thick where gas separatio n will require less energy than thicker membranes.

Vodafones Product Portfolio

Vodafones Product Portfolio Introduction Customer are always right that’s what’s is known as the principle of business regardless of what the business it is might be a retail store a manufacturing unit or even a service company the basic rule is customers are always right. The question is that why? Why are the customers always right and not the suppliers? The answer is clean and neat, the customers are the ones who facilitate the companies with revenue on which the produce the products or pay the salary to their employee and even the only source to pay off different bills. however the customers different from needs and what and since the economic resources are scares the companies have to come across different tradeoff situation where they have to choose the best possible mix of products and services that they will provide to their customers. The product mix that is decided by the suppliers are compressed in a product portfolio. A product portfolio is a method to maximize the literal value of the producible goods and services in accordance with the strategic planning by the shareholders. However a product portfolio is customized on the basis of demands by the customers and their ability to pay, another thing to add up on product portfolio is to segmenting the customers and market on which they want to focus is very important as for once the market is segmented the companies can look for more strategic marketing and operational plans. Segmenting the market can be quite easy if the companies answer one of three basic questions of marketing FOR WHOM TO PRODUCE. By these different tools and methods a company can decide on a perfect product portfolio for their market. Vodafone an international telecommunication company has been trying to plant in their foots in Qatar since year 2009 and is yet not able to capture at least 50% of the market share and the reason is imperfect product portfolio. In the project I will explain the present product portfolio of Vodafone and also give different recommendations for the company to make it better Managing customers by FISH By managing customers like fish doesn’t literally mean that customers are fish instead it is a short for â€Å"First In Still Here† a customer that visits a company once doesn’t always have to go there the next time. However the aim of every company is to keep the customers active in the organization and to supply them for endless time. The fish states that a customer who comes in for the first time should be treated in such a way that he stay in forever (Wang huges, 2014). The customers are known as rational and they may shift to any other organization it sees more value for money hence these customers need to be satisfied by dividing them into different groups such as their age, sex, attitude or even their reliability or monthly income and buying structure. Fish is not about managing customers for short term but to provide customers a comfortable environment which they carve for so that they continue visiting it again and again. In addition to this cooperation’s lack the trust building with the customers and the organizations loose customers due to not coming up to customer expectations even though it’s not the organizations faults as for the customers are so diverse and ever changing it is quite difficult to shift their resources every now and then hence it is very difficult for the companies to decide on one single accurate product portfolio. However in the next segments I would identify different techniques to find out which departmen ts or products should be removed from the organizations portfolio in order to make it effective Strategic account management Strategic account management better known as SAM is a strategic approach which comes from account management. However it is used to ensure positive and appropriate relations with different customers of the organization and it provides a shoulder to step on and freshen up relations with important and major customers.in addition to this SAM believes in providing definite customers with their specific and tailored goods and services that provide the prestige SAM has been increasingly involved in different companies due to diverse relationships required in a business community in the fields of business-business and business-customer .however strategic account management has successfully pushed the companies from no relation to very good relations with their customers and supply chain. In addition to this another advantage is that due to Strategic account management has facilitated organizations to identify different opportunities and increase income massively. Next it is seen that due to increasing number of customers, companies and competition to win the market strategic account management has been a competitive tool for different organizations to excel in the today’s world also as for strategic account management facilitates organizations in segmenting the market, teaming up with supply chain, winning the loyal customers and also to increase their profits. However the main role player in the game is the product portfolio and deciding on the products with keeping the customers in mind and the aim of satisfying them. Customer segmentation Customer segmentation is known as the door to success. Once a company is able to segment its market the company is assured to enjoy profits and high loyal customer average. Different scholars talk about customer segmentation as a goldmine available to the organizations the point arises how effectively the organization segments the market. If an organization does not faithfully decide on accurate customer segmentation it is likely to face loss as for the non-demanded products would be available to the market left unsold. Without customer segmentation a marketing mix is like a disabled person as for once the market is segmented the organizations decide on the product, price, place and promotion unless and until an organization knows there the buyers of their location, what their budget is or how much they are willing to pay, what they demand or like and what offers or promotions they are looking for it is useless to supply in general public, for no one would be willing to buy the products. Finally after customer segmentation a company is required to design a product portfolio and differentiate products, prices and designs on the basis of their customer’s affordability and income structure. It is also identified that organizations are better off when they segment the market and on the basis of income structure of the customers as for the organizations re able to identify different product portfolios for customers who are more profitable and low cost effective. Vodafone’s customers Telecom industry is known as one of the ever living industry as for rather than just being immortal the customers of telecommunication industry keeps increasing in the market. The different telecom industries in the world are able to generate new markets through the advancement of technology and derived demand through the mobile phones. In the matter of Qatar only two telecommunication companies’ reside major being the Qtel and Vodafone. Both the companies are quite competitive in order to win more and more market share of Qatar .however both the companies fight on the basis of different customer oriented approaches available to utilize. Until the introduction of Vodafone Qtel had complete control of the market but Vodafone being an international telecom industry they have actively captured enough of the market share. However it is not a huge percentage or accurate to the percentage that was expected through Vodafone and the blame is in correct product portfolio. Qatar being an Arab country requires different services unlike the western population. The chart one shows the different market share captured by the telecom industries in Qatar Chart 1- In the year 2009 it is seen that Vodafone was able to capture 16% of the market share very effectively and the reason can be due to being a fresh company in the industry the customers were likely to enter into contracts with the company in order to try something new. However after the years Vodafone is able to sustain itself but no much growth is shown in the market and finally in the year 2013 Vodafone is able to capture 25% of the market share. However the market share should be increased to a much more better ratio unlike the company from year 2009-2012 Products and services offered by Vodafone: Connectivity- Vodafone product known as gateway is a signal booster for wireless connections Headsets and headphones – Bluetooth enabled headphones Memory cards- micro and mini memory card Chargers- portable mobile and tablet chargers. Prepaid Sim cards – extras, smart packs, calls, sms, internet over mobile, data celluar. Postpaid Sim cards- Red, Classic 100. Youth packages- Falla, anghami+. Fixed telephone lines Vodafone has divided and segmented its customers on the basis of the number of customers they are able to pull of the market. However I have turned the statistic in chart format as it can be seen below in chart 2. Since Vodafone is able to capture only 25% of the 1.8 million population in the Qatar it has a number of customers using their mobile services which touch to approximately 300000 whereas on the other hand a number of customers use fixed fines still with about 100000 and broad band connections end up to 180000. Table 1- Customer portfolio Customer portfolio is made up to identify different groups of services provided by an organization in the matter of the revenue it generates for the company due to this an organization is able to judge and understand that not all segments are the same and on which of the products the company is earning very well and which of the segments they are facing losses The most important part of any organization is to send back satisfied customers and it is only possible with the way of generating an intelligent portfolio .however an intelligent or reliable portfolio is only possible through a very tested and decided upon market segment where the organization has divided its products on the basics on what the customers actually need and what they are willing to pay for and add value to strategic accounts’ services and products in line with the vision the organization has and the mission it wants to reach on. A number of scholars explain that every customer or segment for instance should be treated very differently and apart for other so that they feel the services they are opting to are specially designed for them and they come out feeling prestigious. Hence in the matter of Vodafone it is very important that they decide upon a different package for every customer that pops up in their office and make him feel special in the matter if attractiveness, price and design. Below the table shows a outlook client portfolio for vodafone that displays spans and segments of clients of that the marketing strategy ought to depend on as investing on every single segment according to reports development and the relationship/service requirement. The pursuing segments embody possible attractiveness reports and supplementary reports that the firm has to strategically assess beforehand requesting each investment in their product portfolios. BGG matrix Advantages and implications of BCG Matrix Focuses attention on cash flow and needs It is quantifiable and facile to use Easy to recall words and their meanings after denoting to company units Assume colossal marketplace allocate, economies of scale, and price association BCG has two constituents such as upcoming attractiveness of SBA (growth and profitability prospect) and stable extrapolated competitive locale (if our competitive locale looks precisely as nowadays next extrapolate). Star- (growth strategy)- the product that falls in the category of stars is said to be good nowadays and good in the upcoming so kiss it, affection it but you demand to do diagnosis all the period because if gaps increases next it moves to question mark so larger do diagnosis every single period and do not stay. However in short it can be said as mobile cellular packages specially prepaid service which mean pay before you call .however mobile data packages and prepaid call rates from Vodafone is acting as start for the company and it may further generate revenues for the company Question mark- (growth strategy)- the products that fall in the category of question marks are said to be poor nowadays and good in the upcoming so you seize milk from cow and locale it in question mark as a matter of fact broadband connections are acting as question marks for the Vodafone company . However we believe that in the near future it is likely to increase sales and come up generating profits for the company. Dog- (retrenchment strategy) the products that fall in the category of Dogs they are said to be poor nowadays and poor in the upcoming so locale the dog beyond the door that is cut back from SBA .however in the situation of Vodafone it is the land-line connection and due to the advancement and common sizing of mobile phones there are a very few chances for the community to accept landlines again. On the other hand it is a hectic situation for a person to shift from one service provider to another in the matter of landlines. Hence Vodafone is not able to capture of much of the market in Qatar Cow- (stability) –the goods that fall in the category of cash cows good nowadays and poor in the upcoming so cash cow that is seize the milk and be it a little whereas else. Retain milking the cow that is SBA acting good nowadays but not in the upcoming so make as far money as probable now. In the matter of Vodafone I can be easily understood that the product they are talking about is specially tailored youth services which mainly include Fallah service and is meant to be cheap and for a minor call rate. However the customers of Fallah program of Vodafone has not only captured the youth but also many women and men in the community Conclusions In conclusion to this project we can understand the importance of product portfolio, how it changes the impact it has in the community and how it is able to capture the market share with regards to Vodafone it is understood how the company should work on its product portfolio and what things Vodafone is lacking in its product portfolio. In addition to this an organization is supposed to understand on what products it should produce and segment the market on the basics of the targeted segment by which the organization is able capture more market share and return back satisfied customers in the matter of Vodafone the company has no yet able to segment the market accurately and they should look towards the customers they are targeting and what they require I can justify this by stating the matter of fact of Vodafone that they are unable to provide different services to women and they are forced to come to youth Fallah packages as for it suits their needs more accurately . However finall y the Vodafone is analyzed on the basic of BGG matrix in the way that the cash cows, stars , dogs and question marks are identified. Recommendations After assessing Vodafone’s client portfolio and dotted the crucial question marks reports it feels that for Vodafone it is important to own the world-class sales forces and report association qualities as grasping business-to-business and business-to-customer connections, be confidentially accountable for clients wanted aftermath, comprehend their company and necessities, being adjacent and inside grasp, resolve customers’ setbacks, and be creative in responding to customers’ needs across an innovative RD workshop Vodafone has to gaze beyond the competitive gains that they own, they have to grasp an competent client connections and report association by looking into customers’ needs and clarify deep vision of their customer’s expectations, and recognize the needs and opportunities beforehand their clients do, they have to deed as a crucial power for their clients and add worth to their services, because clients yet demand their telecom operator to d eed and present in a method that differentiate them from their matches and uphold a competitive locale in the marketplace as corporates and of sequence meets confidential needs as individual customers. Though, Vodafone has to accept additionally a Crucial Client Association (SCM) outlook that can be attained across strategizing of sales procedures and constructions Vodafone outlook SCM necessities the following:

Neo-Confucianism Essay -- Chinese Philosophy, Ming

Neo-Confucianism, with a goal of keeping unobscured the inborn luminous Virtue [true goodness] of all men throughout the empire[1] and thus establishing a social harmony, was a complex ethical political system governing the society in late Ming China. Adopting the philosophy as their ideological legitimacy, Choson kingdom and Tokugawa shogunate applied it in different settings due to their structure of government and cultural background. However, they both inherited the main elements of the philosophy: the notion of universal principle encouraging people to behave good, five virtues[2], self-cultivation and five hierarchical relationships of society[3]. By means of traditions, rituals, laws, publications, educational institutions and many more, the philosophy was imbibed in the lives of Choson court and Tokugawa samurai. Yet, as it was in Ming China, the governments of these two realms could not always â€Å"control the interests of its people†[4] and make them adhere to the i deology. Complex situations of life together with the fallibility of human nature making people unable to always lead intellectual, moral and aloof life[5] led to gaps between the philosophy and its experiences. The court of Choson kingdom, where the very state orthodoxy should be practiced in its highest level, was ironically also a haven for its conflicts. Extended royal family lived together in the court and exercised filial piety among each other: devotion between all family members including mourning for deceased ones and visits to the ancestral tombs. Lady Hyegyong, in her memoirs, noted many examples of genuine filial devotion in the royal family; that of King Yongjo himself preparing medicine for his ill stepmother, Queen Dowager Inwon[6], and the sa... ...eeping himself to learning and frugality as Mori Yoshiki did. In order to get what he wanted from others, he even could violate the principle of being true to oneself as he imitated committing hara-kiri. Yet, he then regretted the outcome of his easy life while pondering over in his old age and was also startled with the findings that throughout the history, there were many who acted like him and made mistakes. Human beings are mystery to themselves. Through law, through ideology, one can still be not governed. Neo-Confucianism, with its practical appeal, attracted the governments and was applied. Though, as it claims to be, the philosophy could not be practiced naturally as it should be. Some parts were accepted, some not. People were still free on their own. However, Neo-Confucianism could shape lives of people and contributed its share to human civilization.