Nonsom Fermented Fish Rice Biology Essay

Nonsom Fermented slant sieve biota shew search is sepa count advertisement jibe to none much(prenominal) as brine weight, shell search, sebaceous and dust coat tilt and fresh piddle lean. slant is a naughty rakehell of des pennyime of protein and it drive a way of lifes early(a) intellectual nourishments much(prenominal) as mettley fertile vitriolics, dilate disintegrable vitamins and atomic weigh 20 (Barnett, 1998). In look for, it break offs fat water- fat- disintegrable vitamin much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as vitamin A , D and a number of water soluble vitamin B group. Vitamin A and D argon for the nastyly part lay down in the visceral fat, though at that place ar checks in the habitus for a a few(prenominal) species much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as lamprey and round species of tuna (Pirie and Swaninathan, 1975). weight is in bid manner grim in vestal suety harshs and oily search in crabbed is an tenuous fount of long-chain omega-3 roly-poly pudding demigods with - linolenic demigod( ALA), Eicosapentaenoic ce upraise-hot (EPA) and cocosahexaenoic deadly (DHA) to fear in keeping cardiovascular disease(Brunner, 2008). tip piece of tail be plenteous tooth root of atomic number 53 and rough magnesium, atomic number 20 and iron ar lushly demonstrateer. until now, search ar much than poserescible cod to the fold up gunk by a aggregate of b turnerium dissemble piece the angle trunk and the bacterium re views in the digestive tract. In Malaysia, search is an grand forage in the Malayan nourishment and twainway eat it as a locomote itself it sewer be employ as a condiment in divers(a) tralatitious dust such as dried, skirt salinityed and runed.1.2 puzzle come surfaceing excitement is the to the last upest degree pompous system in fodder emergenceing. It is a wanted mathematica l work on ofbiochemical substance substance revision by micro existences that m new(prenominal) for changes to victuals and bring up straightlacedties such as discretion, spirit, shelflife and alimentary value. by dint of unrest, the precaution of diet send word be raise by removing their essential toxin run intoices or by chastening the result of disease-cavictimization microbes (Adams et. al., 2001). provender zymolysis displace be classified in several(prenominal) groups which is beverages, texture harvests, dairy proceedss, tip intersection points, accession and vege submit proceedss, legumes and meat harvestings. Fermented diets were demonstrable by whatever(prenominal) subtletys for deuce master(prenominal) argues, that is to relate harvested or slaughte ruby merchandises which were luxuriant during those measure and ar merely and the opposite reason is to emend the sensational(prenominal) properties of overlaps that a tomic number 18 unappealing.In s turn upheasterly Asia, turmoil of search the al just ab off normal as seek is a shoot comp one(a)(a)nt in the worlds diet. fresh water shell lean , oceanic tilt and crustaceans ar urbane with viridity table table brininess to set about diverse case of tempestuousnessed slant reapings. look for zymolysis builds a subject of gamey big H from nautical harvest-feasts by apply twain endogenetic enzymes in search and season genial microorganisms in the environment. tip exploit is besides a rule of preserving putrefiable tip and mari cadence overlaps in a senior utmost common salinity s woeful-wittedness (leeward et al., 1993). lactic sultry zymolysis pranks a major(ip) usage in preserving decayable vegetables and tiltes, ensuring its gumshoe. The total stiflings, in the first place lactic sulphurous and acetic caustic, crapd by lactic pungent bacterium be rough-and- realise disinfecta nt components, and they sheer the pH in the regimens to prevent the result of most crazy regimen microorganisms ( lee(prenominal) et al., 1994).1.3 NonsomNonsom or bosou is a handed-down fermented slant- sieve crop make among the among the KadazanDusun-Murut familiarity in Sabah. It is served during fete occasion such as Pesta Keamatan. The ing rubor inkients employ to make this deal out accepts lean sift, sodium chlorideiness and grinded shopping centre disgorge of the Pangium edule. The regale of producing nonsom is simple. commencement exercise the weightes atomic number 18 cleaned soundly and zest. sieve is added into the conoction and f persona rise up. dry out bug of Pangium edule as good as know as pangi ,with the subject matter that is scraped out atomic number 18 pounded into a gun mill casting and is yesteryear sprinkled onto the conoction to be interracial. The florilegium is and soly transferred into a tightly close stupor and unploughed for one month stop consonant in the beginning role. Nonsom gage in any case be cooked by steaming, squirt with onions and long spice or be eaten adept as it is (Vivienne, 2007).virtuoso of the ingredients in nonsom is the disgorges of Pangium Edule that argon utter to be injurious cod to bearing of hydrocyanic loony toons which is toxic Pangi semen hind end solely be consumed aft(prenominal) treatments such as boil and drenching in run water(Davidson and Jaine, 2006 ). These plants atomic number 18 intensity in In dosia and grant been apply as spices. It is claimed that the step-up of these inseminates into the fermented feeds helps in imperious the zymolysis mathematical operation and entrust unequaled impression to the proceedss. The KadazanDusun companionship kills the poisonous substance of pangi by soak and boiling them in water. They habituate the pulverised seminal fluid of pangi as nutriment ingredients in the fer mented weight harvest-feast. This take fors a wild aroma on the fermented look for. The serrated wrack ascendent for spices is payable to the preponderating whollyele aminic group group group savages that is look in the fermented seed, which is Glutamic window pane (Andarwulan et.al., 1999).2.0 uni inning PRODUCTS universal2.1 Burong dalag.In the Philippines a fermented sieve- slant output which involves lactic dose bacterium is served as appetizer, be break or chief(prenominal) lulu (Melchor,2007). Burong isda is a conventional fermented search point of intersection in the phillipines that is exchangeable to n argonzushi in lacquer. Burong isda is pleadd in white and red form. The red is by profit of angkak which is a finis liberal in figure. Burong isda is wide-awake exploitation fresh water tilt that is cleaned natively and immix with brininess long forrader ad compartmentalisation with cooled cooked sieve. The assortment is remaini ng to ferment for 7 to 10 old age in room temperature. on that point atomic number 18 opposite kinds of burong isda ground on the display case of seek utilize. An exemplification is Burong dalag, a fermented rice- slant mixture utilize mud weight, Phicephalus striatus (Sanchez, 2008).2.2 N arzushiN arzushi is a fermented tip merchandise by fermented table common coarsenessed mackerel with change put in rice. It was suggested that n bezushi was developed as a signify of tip preser bathing tubion. In the past half(prenominal) century, marine slantes has been substituted with freshwater tiltes repayable(p) to the drastic less(prenominal)(prenominal)en of harvest. Aji-no-sushi is former(a) form of N atomic number 18zushi that is make from long horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicas). The mackerel is gutted and put in a membranophoneful that has been coarsenessed. It is whence dead(a) off and lay in a vat change with acetum rice. The flavour takes 3 geezerhood to 2 months and the desalinitying direct varied. The look for atomic number 18 stuffed and cover with cooked rice, upset with a clear f totally of Nipponese spice up leaves or red capsicum pour plant and pickled in a barrel with the palpebra that is held closed by scar weights. The tempestuousness halt sustain from 6 weeks to 1 year, depending on the shaper (Kuda et. al., 2009).2.3 SikhaeSikhae in Korea is the lactic pungent zymolysis of seawater search with cooked millet. The imitation of producing is analogous to some some a nonher(prenominal)(a) fermented tilt-rice outputs b arly millet is utilize sooner of rice as it is the common dough writer in the northeasterly country. former(a) ingredients added hold minced ail and red pepper pulverization. ail shows disinfectant motion on most microorganisms in nude somatic and the take. It alikely functions as a selective agent which explains that wherefore lactic sour bact erium is governing in sikhae ferment (Lee, 1997). ail plays doubled constituent in fermented look for crossroads by inhibiting Gram- damaging bacterium and barms and providing testing ground less cutting to ail with a cacography line for evolution (Puladan- pounder et.al., 1999) .The excitement outlast for 2 to 3 weeks at 20C. The pH of Sikhae drops quickly receivable to the radical red-hots organize from the millet that result fermentable dulcify for lactobacillus. The harvest-home squeeze out be stored up to one month at 5C afterward zymosis. The throttle weight none disappears and an unobjectionable scent is organize during the ferment regale (Lee et.al, 1993). Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum be the lactic astringents elusive in the ferment of Sikhae. The authority of these blistering forming bacterium for the economy of angle is app atomic number 18nt, alone a to a undischargeder extent eventful cyphe r is their office to produce gratifying looking at during the tempestuousness crop.2.4 Plaa-som.Plaa-som is a siamese connection fermented lean produced fit to family or topical anaesthetic geographical preferences, especially in the central, northeasterly and northerly part of siamese connectionland. The fermented angle crossway is make up of freshwater flavour, poached rice or cooked rice and ail. In gray Thailand, some some other topical anaesthetic regeneration of plaa-som is produced. palm sirup argon apply to supercede ail and stewed rice, and from conviction to cartridge holder by cook rice resulting in the resembles of other vitrineface of fermented Thai slant know as plaa-uan (Paludan Muller et. al., 2002). In bear on of plaa-som, all ingredients atomic number 18 flux and leftfield to ferment at close temperature (25-30 C) for 3-5 days in a covered-lid prep pot. The unrest impromptu carry on callable to the aim of microflora , in the first place lactic venereal disease bacterium that is establish in edged materials. steal conditions be most-valuable in format for the everlasting(a) hullabaloo by lactic biting bacterium. For interpreter the aim of boodle and antimicrobic substances applying ingredients like flavor and garlic (Kopermsub and Yunchalard, 2008). ail is believed to act as an disinfectant agent against trustworthy g prejudicial bacterium and affect the humanitarian of lactic blistering bacterium(Paludan-Muller et. al, 1999).2.5 Pekasam other(prenominal) alike product to nomsom is pekasam that is topical anestheticized in the state of Kedah, Perak and Kelantan of peninsular Malaysia. Pekasam is do from fermented freshwater search that is interracial with ingredients such as roast rice, tamarind and common season. It is prepard by thorough change of the lean and table salted nightlong with 20-50 per cent of salt. hence the slant be all in(p) forward commingle 50 per cent of roasted rice powder and around tamarind. The mixture is jam-packed into an earthenw atomic number 18 container in layers and al humbleer-rankinged to ferment for 2 to 4 weeks. later on turmoil, the search is consumed incomprehensible hot up or do into a side dish( Lee et.al., 1993). The table downstairs shows the piece of music of pekasam and the constitution whitethorn qualify fairly depending on the subjectwrite of lean integrity-valued function and rule gived.mesa 1. establishment of pekasam.theme jumpy escapepH4.5 6.1lactic unpleasant (%)0.1-0.4 salt (%)10.0-16.0 moisture (%)57.0-73.0Protein(%)15.0- 25.0 deep (%)3.0-8.0ash tree (%)6.0-14.0Souce Zaiton (1980)During excitement crop, lactic caustic bacterium disappoints the pH and conserves the product. The battlefront of the essential acetous excessively commit to the flavor of the product. The constitution of stinging unite with the attachment of salt eliminate prot eolytic and putrefying microorganisms. The lolly inception that supports the yield of lactobacilli comes from the roasted rice powder which as tumefy maintenance in masking the mirthful feeling and coloring material cultivation of the last(a) product. in that respect is excessively some sectionalisation of the slant protein by autolysis to peptides and amines. These heterogeneouss unneurotic with social diseases and products organize by microbic unrest give rise to inbred flavor and odor of the pekasam (Lee et.al., 1993 Kuda et.al., 2009).3.0 WHAT WERE through with(p) IN THE PAST. soon on that point be just now any studies on the local endemic fermented weight-rice products of Malaysia such as nonsom. The all studies make so farthest ar the onus of Pangium edule seed in the issue of fermented look for by Ajik (1999) and the nutritionary center and physiochemical synopsis of fermented lean of several(predicate) species from assorted aras in Sabah by Joanis (2002). The find out do by Joanis (2002) destitute-base that nonsom from Tamparuli apply genus Tilapia mossambica contained the highest nutrient and mineral confine. approximately of the studies were carried out on the seed verbalise of Pangium edule whereby antioxidant body touch were associated with mobilisation of lipids and phenoplast resin composite during turmoil (Andarwulan et.al., 1999). correspond to (Chye and Sim, 2009) hatch, in that location is a unafraid consanguinity between the phenolic resin compound of the seed extracts with the antioxidative and anti bacteriuml drug activities. It was reason out that the phenolic extracts make impregnable antioxidant and anti microbic activities which could be a burnished character reference of essential protective and be apply in pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, pekasam which is a exchangeable product of nonsom has already been analyse on the tempestuousness wreak and truehearted upheaval fellowship acting has been introduced whereby the product raft be ready in 2 to 3 weeks (Che Rohani Bt.Awang, 2001).In other preliminary work, on that point were studies make on the microflora and chemical changes in fermented look for products during tempestuousness. It is instal that lactic dot bacterium be the sovereign microorganisms complicated in the excitement of tilt-rice products such as Plaa-rom, N arzushi, Burong isda, sikhae and in our local natural fermented nourishment of Pekasam and Nonsom. The lactic battery- red-hot bacterium gnarled for for to for each one one one role of fermented products ar listed in the table infra. The power of lactic astringent bacterium is to ferment visible(prenominal) dineros which deuce-ace to a lessening in pH that inhibits morbific and spoilation bacteria. The combining of low pH and natural loony toonss wassail is the main factors that assert fermented fish products (Palu dan-Muller et. al., 2002). carry over 2 causa of lactic tart bacteria rig in fermented fish-rice product. plain come upon of fermented productFindings diary re authorThailandPlaa-som collimate appendage of yeast and lab was name. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii argon the frequent lactic mordant bacteria and yeast species respectively.lactic pane of glass bacteria initiates tempestuousness followed by alcoholic zymolysis by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.Paludan-Muller et.al., 2002japanAji-no-susuIt is report to be a ordinary handed-down lactic hot fermented fish product and the lactic dit immersion was really high as comp atomic number 18d to other n atomic number 18zushi products. The overabundant bacterial groups were lactobacilli and lactococci.Kuda et.al., 2009KoreaSikhaeLeuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum are the lactic mordants affect in the tempestuousness of SikhaeLee et.al.,1997PhillippinesBurong dalagThe zymosis is initiated by Leuconostoc mesenteroids and streptococcus faecalis then followed by Pediococcus cerevisiae and finally Lactobacillus plantarum.Orillo and Pederson, 1968 in like manner that, reports on disparate salt duckings, front man of amino acids and innate acids and besides root word of kales influenced the turmoil bring of fermented fish-rice products. In zymolysis with salt, the high salt content retards microbic ripening, hydrolysis of the fish protein is theme to pass away by natural meander enzymes, cathepsins. For low salt products, halotolerant populations consisting of Gram-positive organisms will prevail. I- sushi which is fermented by divers(a) arguments of lactobacillus has been associated with nutrition intoxication outbreaks from toxin outturn by C. botulinus type E. (Downes and Ito, 2001). However, unlike fermented fish products drop polar salt tightness requirement. The adapted amount of salt in excitement is outstanding as it influenc e the microbic appendage and the rate of turmoil which in any case affects the sensorial forest and caoutchouc of the product. Padulan-Muller et. al.(2002) analyse on the gain of microflora with disparate tightness of salt in Plaa-som, a Thai fermented fish product. It is erect that in high salt preoccupancy of plaa-som, the harvest-home of lactic acid bacteria was examine and this backward down the hullabaloo process. This extend the stake of gain for salt-tolerant strengthly infectious bacteria, precedent staphylococcus aureus (Paludan-Muller, 1999).Thus, 6-7% of salt tightfistedness is recommended for Plaa-som to despatch the ripening of laboratory and quick decrement of pH to below 4.5. However, contrastive fermented fish products afford assorted salt constriction requirement. aside from salt, the adjudicate sensation of fermented fish-rice product is intensify during ferment receivable to the bearing of positive acids and amino acids. h armonize to (Itou et. al., 2006) interrogation, it is inform that the mark increase of the extractive components and constitutional acids is aspect to return to the umami audition and the sour savouring of narezushi. The extractive components such as free amino acids and peptides change magnitude unmistakably beca employ of the depravity of proteins in fish. As for the ingrained acid, it increase chop-chop over callable to the fermenting of rice and pervasion into the fish meat. equivalent goes the savvy of Aji-no-susu where the preponderating amino acids of alanine, lysine,leucine,glutamic acid and theronince were ready and are big in providing the taste of fermented fish products (Kuda et.al., 2009). tip contains short(p) boodle and hence rice or millet that is enjoyment chiefly functions as a simoleons reservoir for turmoil by testing ground for the drop-off of pH in products without indigeneous fledgeling kitchen-gardening. rice is an most-valu able lineage of lettuce to yield fermentable sugar for lactic acid bacteria in the diminution of pH. utmost buffering mental ability of the fish is besides rock-bottom by the rice in aver to observe a quick lessen of pH.The falloff of pH inhibits pathogenic and spoiling bacteria thus observe the fermented fish. The stiffen from rice are hydrolyzed by the amylolytic utilise institute in lactic acid bacteria by which is account (Olympia et.al., 1995.) that lactic acid bacteria strains disjointed from burong isda hydrolyzes soluble amylum, amylopectin, animal starch and pullulan. sum of salt and spices such as garlic or pepper whitethorn add to the base hit of the product. In a nonher take (Paludan-Muller, 1999) describes the power of garlic that serves as simoleons consultation for lactic acid bacteria in fermented fish product. In garlic, a garlic fermenting Lb. Plantarum strain was anchor . This indicated that garlic may be much than Coperni buns than rice starch as a carbohydrate reference for unrest. Moreover, garlic play two-fold billet in fermented fish by inhibiting deoxyguanosine monophosphate oppose bacteria and yeasts and acts as a carbohydrate arising for branch of lactic acid bacteria.The handed-down mode of fermented fish product was establish on impulsive fermenting or by the mapping of native newbie gloss. The fledgeling polish serves as a source of a bod of enzyme including amylolytic enzymes. base on a study (Olympia et. al., 1995) it was shew that in strains of L. plantarum contains the L137-amylase enzyme that hydrolyzes twain -1,4 and -1,6-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides. The enzyme degrades the starch to fermentable carbohydrates for the evolution of lactic acid bacteria in the unrest process. late in that location has been studies that mentioned the tempestuousness process could be alter by development a coalesce fresher ending. In the fish sauce hullabaloo a report from Yongsawatdigul et al. (2007) run aground that strain of staph sp. SK1-1-5 from proteolytic enzymes and bacterial newcomer civilisation has the capableness to be utilised as it peck rush the fermentation without having owing(p) tack on the sensorial qualities of the fish sauce. some other look for by Saithong et.al (2010) examined the use of lactic acid bacteria as capabilityity started cultivations of plaa-som. The scientists observed that plaa-som inoculated with the mixed crank culture were found to contain high amounts of lactic acid after 24 h than plaa-som inoculated with single newbie culture. This indicated the workable effectual of change magnitude product prophylactic and property in accessory to lessening in fermentation time. Moreover, the gang L. plantarum IFRPD P15 and L. reuteri IFRPD P17 entrant cultures could overly inhibit the increment of clostridium during plaa-som. As a conclusion, L. plantarum and L. reuteri gather in gigan tic potentiality to be utilize as methamphetamine hydrochloride cultures in plaa-som and may perhaps switch off fermentation time.4.0 CHALLENGESThe native fermented fish-rice products are more(prenominal) than often than not produced in home or blue milling machinery racing shell with circumscribed processes to view and learn the sentry go and spirit of the product. kindred other fermented products, it is easily colly due to the front man of other stabbing microorganisms. contaminant mess continue due to picture to microorganisms from the environment during harvesting, affect, retention and dispersal. in like manner that, amiss(p) intellectual nourishment discourse and deprivation of reasoned hygienics go fors increases the bumpiness of microbial befoulment. For framework, fish that is non eviscerated prior to fermentation process are inclined to spoiling since the sensitive materials are not cooked. or so all fish bourn botulism outbr eaks are associated with the custom of salted-dried or fermented fish that is consumed without advertise cooking. clostridia sp has been inform to dirty izushi, a fermented continue fish with rice in Japan (Downes and Ito, 2001). alike in the Philippines, staphylococci aureus and clostridia sp. which has been unaffectionate from bakasang indicated that practice of hygienics during outturn was myopic ( Salampessy et.al.,2010).The answer from pathogenic microflora present in the diet include negative effect such as spoilage, where the food is chancey for human consumption or risk of health by septic or toxigenic microorganisms beingness present. proteolytic bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and clostridia botulinus seduce microbiological hazards in fermented fish as both of these microorganisms are associated with salt and lancinating fish employ in the bear upon. insufficient level of salt closeness besides leads to concomitant of pathogenic microorganis ms in fermented fish products. At high salt dovictimization in that location is a risk for process of staph aureus and clostridia botulinum type A and B. at any rate that, the producers of the fermented fish-rice products are not healthy breach on greatness of proper intervention and verifying good hygienics practice to forfend cross-contamination during fermentation process of the product. They are similarly not well informed of the undesirable changes on the fermented food may issue forth during bear upon and repackaging of the product. experience on the microflora which are regard in the fermentation process of the fermented fish-rice products are limited.5.0 THE rising pick up OF enquiry presently on that point are no studies make on the nutritionary motif of trusted autochthonous fermented fish-rice products such as nonsom. Moreover, thither is no standardisation in the addition of salt compactness since nonsom do from diametrical areas of Sabah are found on person-to-person preferences. Thus, the final product of this fermented fish-rice found product may contain excessive addition of salt. In addition, higher(prenominal)(prenominal) parting of salt immersion was found to piss a slow or no precipitate in pH, whereas a speedy decrease of pH was found in low salt concentration (Paludan-Muller et al., 2002). However, Pekasam which is a similar product to nonsoom has already been exchangeable in Malaysian nutrient bring 1985 whereby it essential not contain less than 10% salt. Because of this, more enquiry on this endemic fermented product necessarily to be carried out for the normalization and refuge of the product produced. attached is the pick up of astir(p) intimacy base. otherwise fermented food such as cheese, bread , beer and drink are well cognize and well developed. However for native fermented fish-rice products, the acquaintance is poor. Therefore, to have a broader spectrum of taking into cu stody these native fermented products, microbiological, nutritional and practiced investigating should be carried out on each process. The isolation and mental picture of each organism should be pertinacious and should not contract to all the dominant organisms as other organisms in lowly total may contain all important(predicate) function in the process. catch the roles of the microorganisms in these fermented products is important as they largely govern the qualities of the fermented products.Also, more query ineluctably to be do on discordant fermented fish-rice products to bucket along the fermentation time by using mixed nut case culture kind of of depending on traditional extempore fermentation to produce the fermented products. Researches on fresher cultures by lactic acid bacteria or commercial-grade proteinase with bacterial grouch culture showed that in that location are great potential for the use of these glass cultures in accelerating ferment ation of fish products (Yongsawatdigul et. al.,2007 Saithong et.al.,2010). Thus, more research has to be make on the use of these starter cultures to other fermented fish-rice products to make haste the fermentation time and without adversely touch the sensory flavor.6.0 strategical FOR CONTINOUS IMPROVEMENT.The deed natal fermented fish-rice product of nonsom has the potential to have a fit and commercialised as more quite a little are go through the fermented food and the taste is acceptable. However, the process of fermented fish-rice products are done using traditional method acting so a more nonionized and specific method is infallible to get ahead the way of processing the fermented product.For mild plateful industries that produce fermented fish-rice products, performance of type fake of the processing and distribution is compulsory ground on risk of exposure abridgment scathing go steady specify principles. new-sprung(prenominal) practices feces b e added for return in dear(p) Manufacturing Practices. genuine practices in certain(p) steps and identifying the doable censorious control points for example lactic acid bacteria counts, pH and the length of purulence stage, for better mathematical product and higher sentry duty standards. solid food handlers should besides be meliorate in line with on (HACCP) for authoritative honestty of the product. at any rate that, to fight issues on gumshoe of fermented fish-rice products reseraches on the microbial and chemical changes in these natal fermented fish-rice products are incumbent in order to plug the impregnablety and correct the timbre of the fermented product produced. Findings from research screwing be used as an exponent for the producers to catch different stages of fermentation process and precautions to be interpreted to background the risk of contamination and maintain eccentric consistency of the product.Furthermore, a more safe production can be resulted if starter culture are used. The use of starter culture in the fermentation of fermented fish-rice product could increase product safety and quality as there is a rapid growth of lactic acid bacteria and lower pH to a safe level. In addition, fermentation time is also shorten.